Art Movements Flashcards
When did the Baroque period occur?
late 16th century to the mid-18th century
How did the Baroque differ from the Renaissance?
less static than the Renaissance and characterized by a greater sense of movement and energy
Jesuits
founded to convert the peoples of areas outside of Spain and Italy
Who were three of the most powerful sovereigns during the 17th and 18th centuries?
Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great of Russia, and King Louis XIV of France
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
an Enlightenment author who wrote about class disparities
Caravaggio
an Italian Baroque painter who was renowned for his dramatic use of chiaroscuro and provocative degree of naturalism
Caravaggesque
term used to describe artworks using extremes of dark and light
Artemisia Gentileschi
the daughter of a painter who is known for her adaptation of Caravaggio’s techniques, self-portraits, and paintings of Old Testament women
Gianlorenzo Bernini
the most important Baroque artist and sculptor whose works reflected the influence of his theatrical background
Which professions did Bernini take up during his lifetime?
sculptor, theater designer, architect, painter, and draftsmen
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
a naturalistic marble sculpture of Saint Teresa that is shown in dramatic gold lighting from a concealed stained-glass window
Where is the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa set into altar?
the Cornaro Chapel
Peter Paul Rubens
established a huge workshop in Flanders and produced works of great energy and color that served as models for later artists
Rembrandt van Rijn
mid-17th century Dutch artist best known as one of the greatest draftsmen, a painter, and a printer (yet died in poverty)
What is The Night Watch more properly known as?
Sortie of Captain Banning Cocq’s Company of the Civic Guard
The Night Watch
Rembrandt painting that represented a break from tradition by showing more attention to some members than others despite all paying a certain sum to be included in the painting
Where might it be argued that the Baroque period reached its peak?
France
Who began construction of the palace at Versailles?
King Louis XIV
When was the palace at Versailles built?
1669
How much ground did the palace at Versailles cover?
2000 acres
Orangerie
greenhouse
What was included at Versailles?
grand chateaux and gardens, a stable for hundred of horses, an orangerie for orange trees, a zoo, a system of fountains and waterfalls, and a grand canal large enough for staging mock sea battles
What was the nickname given to King Louis XIV to refer to his power and opulence?
the “sun king”
Salon
an annual exhibition that established a set of rules for judging art that influenced art well into the 19th century
Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture
referred to simply as the “Academy,” it became a means for imposing aesthetic standards and principles of taste
Diego Velazquez
built his figures from patches of color, rather than starting from a drawing, and thus influenced Impressionism
Who was Diego Velazquez a contemporary of?
Bernini
Who was Diego Velazquez the court painter of?
King Philip IV of Spain
Rococo
celebrated gaiety, romance, and the frivolity of the grand life at court with an emphasis on light-hearted decoration with the use of gold and pastel colors
Jean-Antoine Watteau
the innovator of the genre of painting called the fete galante
Fete galante
generally depicted members of the nobility in elegant contemporary dress enjoying leisure time in the countryside
Francois Boucher
often transformed the characters of classical myth into scenes of courtly gallantry, with an emphasis on nubile nudes
Who was Francois Boucher the favorite painter of?
Madame Pompadour
Madame Pompadour
mistress to Louis XV
Jean-Honore Fragonard
also promoted by Madame Pompadour who works strongly reflect Boucher’s influence
Which war ushered in the idea of a democratic republic in Europe?
the French Revolution of 1789
Neoclassicism
art of this period demonstrated a revival of interest in the art of classical Greece and Rome
What was the Neoclassicist style in direct challenge to?
the Rococo and its association with the aristocracy
Jacques Louis David
illustrated republican virtues in his early works but later painted propaganda under Napoleon, highlighting a complex relationship between the artist and his patrons
Which work of Jacques Louis David is prominent for displaying republic virtues?
Oath of Horatii
When was Oath of Horatii completed?
1784
What did Jacques Louis David do following the French Revolution of 1789?
joined members of the new government as the master of ceremonies for the grand revolutionary mass rallies
Jean Dominique Ingres
David’s pupil whose works show the sharp outlines, unemotional figures, careful geometric composition, and rational order that are hallmarks of the Neoclassical style
Eugene Delacroix
Ingres’s rival and a proponent of Romanticism
Romanticism
hearkened back to the emotional emphasis of the Baroque, favoring feeling over reason, though it depicted natural wonders as subject matter
What did the subject matter in Delacroix’s works center on?
exotic themes, foreign settings, violence involving animals, and historical subject matter
Other than Delacroix, who else were notable Romantic artists?
Theodore Gericault and William Blake
Realism
showed the lives of ordinary people as subjects that were as important as the historical and religious themes that dominated the art exhibitions of the day
Realism can be thought of as a reaction toward which movements?
Neoclassicism and Romanticism
Gustave Courbet
outraged conventional audiences by showing a painting of ordinary workmen repairing a road at the Salon
The Stonebreakers
Courbet work of men repaired a road that carried political implications in the context of a wave of European revolutions
In what year did the wave of revolutions in Europe begin?
1848
Other than Gustave Courbet, who else were notable Realist artists?
Honore Daumier and Jean Francois Millet
Who is referred to as the first Impressionist?
Edouard Manet
What was the Impressionist movement a reaction of?
the dissatisfaction with the rigid rules that had come to dominate the Salons
What elements of Manet’s works influenced the generation of artists following him?
how he showed light by juxtaposing bright, contrasting colors
Le Dejeuner sur L’herbe (Luncheon on the Grass)
violated the unwritten rule of appropriate nudes by showing contemporary clothed men with a nude woman as part of the group
What did Manet base Luncheon on the Grass on?
an engraving with a classical subject matter
Salon des Refuses
an exhibit of works rejected by the “official” Salon
When was Luncheon on the Grass exhibited in the Salon des Refuses?
1863
Academie des Beaux-Arts
an academy in Paris that was favored by the Salon
Who was the source of the Impressionist movement’s name?
Claude Monet
Which work of Claude Monet gave the Impressionist movement its name?
Impression, Sunrise
Which modern advancements aided the Impressionists in achieving their depictions of light?
acrylic tube paints and the discovery that shadows also reflected the complementary color of the object casting them
Other than Monet and Manet, who are other Impressionists of note?
Camille Pissarro and Alfred Sisley
Paul Cezanne
suggested that a painting could be structured as a series of planes (fore, middle, and background) and that objects could be reduced to their simplest underlying forms (cube, sphere, cone)
What was Cezanne most dissatisfied with in Impressionist works?
the lack of solid form
Which later 20th century movement did Cezanne influence?
Cubism
Georges Seurat
placed an emphasis on the scientific rules of color by his use of optical mixing and static compositions
Optical mixing
applying small dots of complementary colors that blended in the eye of the viewer
Post-Impressionism
marked by an ongoing search for more and more brilliant colors
Where was Vincent van Gogh based?
southern France
Night Cafe
illustrates van Gogh’s idea that an artist’s colors should not slavishly imitate the colors of the natural world but should be intensified to portray inner human emotions
Which colors can be seen in Night Cafe?
yellows, greens, and red
Paul Gauguin
painted “unschooled” works in Tahiti that depicted the island’s lush, tropical setting of native people, as seen through the lens of colonialism
What was Gauguin before becoming an artist?
a stockbroker
When did Gauguin leave his family?
in his 40s
Edgar Degas
exemplified foreign influences by often combining the snapshot style of photography with a Japanese-like perspective from slightly above the subject
Pre-Raphaelites
attempted to return to the simpler forms of pre-Renaissance art by creating many quasi-religious works that blended Romantic, archaic, and moralistic elements
Which historical event sparked the Pre-Raphaelite movement?
the Industrial Revolution
Which movement did the emphasis on nature and sweeping curves of the pre-Raphaelites pave the way for?
Art Noveau
Art Noveau
a style of decoration, architecture, and design that was characterized by the depiction of leaves and flowers in flowing, sinuous lines
When did Art Noveau become popular?
late 19th and early 20th centuries
Henri Matisse
leader of the Fauves, which furthered the attempts of the Post-Impressionists by using even more intense colors
Fauves
recognized by a wild use of arbitrary color which should not imitate colors as seen in the real world
What does the name Fauves translate to?
wild beasts
When did Cubism begin developing?
1908
Where is the birthplace of Cubism?
Paris
Which two artists developed Cubism?
Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque
What was Cubism a reaction against?
the naturalistic, often sentimental, artworks that were popular in the late 19th and early 20th century
Die Brucke
a group of German artists who combined the arbitrary colors of the Fauvists with the intense feelings of the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch
Who led Die Brucke?
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Emil Nolde
Expressionism
the highly charged attempt to make the inner workings of the mind visible in art
Who led Der Blaue Reiter?
Vasily Kandinsky
When did Kandinsky begin to paint totally abstract pictures without any pictorial subject?
1913
Who are other pioneers of abstraction outside of the German Expressionist groups Die Brucke and Der Blaue Reiter?
Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian
Which artist created De Stijl canvases?
Piet Mondrian
De Stijl
consisting of flat fields of primary color, which have become a hallmark of modern art
The center of the art world eventually shifted from Paris to where?
New York
Which organization arranged the Armory Show?
the Barnes Foundation
When was the Armory Show exhibited
February 17 through March 15, 1913
Armory Show
first major showing of modern art in the US
Which were some artworks included in the Armory Show?
Marcel Duchamp’s Nude Descending a Staircase, Pablo Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon, Brancusi’s The Kiss, and Kandinsky’s non-objective paintings
Which Armory Show artworks challenged the approaches to figure and space?
Nude Descending a Staircase and Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon
Which Armory Show artwork portrayed abstracted, block-like figures
The Kiss
When did Harlem become a center for African-American creativity?
the 1920s
Harlem Renaissance
fueled by the popularity of jazz, writers and artists joined musicians in a flowering of the arts in the northeast US
Who were some artists influenced by the Harlem Renaissance?
Jacob Lawrence and Romare Bearden
Dada
an art aimed to protest against everything in society and to lampoon and ridicule accepted values and norms
Where did Dada originate?
Zurich, Germany
Marcel Duchamp
created works that have come to represent Dada’s amusing and irreverent view of the world
LHOOQ (1919)
a reproduction of the Mona Lisa in which a mustache is added to her face by Duchamp
Fountain (1917)
a common porcelain urinal that was exhibited by Duchamp
Ready-mades
taking an ordinary object and giving it new context (making it an artwork merely by the author’s choice)
Bull’s Head (1943)
famous work by Picasso in which he took bicycle handlebars and made them appear as bull horns when coupled with a bicycle seat
Surrealists
influenced by the theories of Freud, these artists attempted to portray the inner workings of the mind in their artworks
Which artists led the Surrealists movement?
Salvador Dali, Rene Magritte, and Joan Miro
Bauhaus
made a bold attempt to reconcile industrial mass-manufacture with aesthetic form by taking the view that form should follow function
When was the Bauhaus school of design closed by the Nazi’s?
1933
Josef Albers
a faculty member of the Bauhaus who came the US after the school closed
Whose ideas and writings dominated the art scene in New York during the 1950s?
Harold Rosenberg and Clement Greenberg
Abstract Expressionism
aimed at direct presentation of feeling with an emphasis on dramatic colors and sweeping brushstrokes
When did the Abstract Expressionist movement arise?
the 1940s
Who were some Abstract Expressionist artists?
Willem de Kooning, Lee Krasner, Franz Kline, and Jackson Pollock
Jackson Pollock
eventually abandoned the use of his paintbrush and instead dripped his paint directly onto the canvas
What are the two types of Abstract Expressionist genres?
Action Painting and Color Field paintings
Action Painting
employed dramatic brushstrokes and Pollock’s innovative dripping technique
Color Field
featured broad areas of color and simple, often geometric forms
Who were two well-known color field artists?
Mark Rothko and Josef Albers
Jasper Johns
created a series of works that featured common things such as flags, numbers, maps, and letters
Robert Rauschenberg
created sculptures from the cast-off objects he found around him in what he called “combines”
Bed (1955)
Rauschenberg hung his own bedclothes on the wall like a canvas and painted them
Monogram (1959)
consists of numerous “found” items including a stuffed goat, a tire, a police barrier, the heel of a shoe, a tennis ball, and paint (Rauschenberg)
Pop Art
an incorporation of the images of mass culture that violated the traditional unspoken rules regarding what was appropriate subject matter for art
When did the Pop Art movement arise?
the 1960s
Who is considered the icon of Pop Art?
Andy Warhol
Andy Warhol
his soup cans, Brillo boxes, and images of movie stars were created with a factory-like silkscreen approach used to mock the art world
Roy Lichtenstein
adopted the imagery of comic books and recreated them on such a large scale that the patter of dots used to print them was made massive
Robert Indiana
used stencils that had been originally used to produce commercial signs to create his own artistic messages
Minimalism
emphasized simplification of form and often featured monochromatic palettes
Hard-edge painting
very precise outlines achieved by Minimalist painters
Which inventions led to the achievement of “hard-edge painting”?
acrylic paint and the airbrush
Who is best known for Minimalist paintings?
Frank Stella
David Smith
Minimalist sculptor who used stainless steel
Dan Flavin
Minimalist sculptor who created large pieces using neon tubing
Photorealism
a hyper-real quality results from the depiction of the subject matter in sharp focus, as in a photograph
Chuck Close
notable Photorealist portraitist
Duane Hanson
Photorealist sculptor whose witty sculptures of ordinary people hearkened back to the Realism promoted by Gustave Courbet
When did Earthworks become popular?
the 1970s
Which artists first stirred interest in Earthworks?
Christo and Jeanne-Claude
How did Christo and Jeanne-Claude shock the art world?
they built a 24-mile-long cloth fence in California, surrounded 11 Florida islands with pink plastic, and set up orange fabric gates on pathways throughout Central Park
Who are other artists associated with Earthworks according to Section I of the USAD Art Resource Guide?
Michael Heizer and Robert Smithson
Performance art
a combination of theater and art in which the artist themselves become the work
Where are Guerilla Girls based?
New York
When did the Guerrilla Girls begin working together?
1985
Guerrilla Girls
anonymous all-female group who use guerrilla warfare tactics like pasting up posters and giving public speeches to challenge an art world dominated by white men
How do the Guerrilla Girls conceal their identities in public?
by wearing gorilla masks
Postmodernism
reintroduce traditional elements or exaggerate modernist techniques by using them to the extreme
Who was the leading modern architect for the International Style?
Philip Johnson
Philip Johnson
added a finial to the top of the AT&T building in 1984
What is the AT&T building now called?
550 Madison Avenue
When did Philip Johnson suggest that one of the functions of art was decoration?
1970
