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Down With Dobie > Art Movements > Flashcards

Art Movements Flashcards

1
Q

When did the Baroque period occur?

A

late 16th century to the mid-18th century

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2
Q

How did the Baroque differ from the Renaissance?

A

less static than the Renaissance and characterized by a greater sense of movement and energy

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3
Q

Jesuits

A

founded to convert the peoples of areas outside of Spain and Italy

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4
Q

Who were three of the most powerful sovereigns during the 17th and 18th centuries?

A

Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great of Russia, and King Louis XIV of France

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5
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

an Enlightenment author who wrote about class disparities

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6
Q

Caravaggio

A

an Italian Baroque painter who was renowned for his dramatic use of chiaroscuro and provocative degree of naturalism

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7
Q

Caravaggesque

A

term used to describe artworks using extremes of dark and light

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8
Q

Artemisia Gentileschi

A

the daughter of a painter who is known for her adaptation of Caravaggio’s techniques, self-portraits, and paintings of Old Testament women

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9
Q

Gianlorenzo Bernini

A

the most important Baroque artist and sculptor whose works reflected the influence of his theatrical background

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10
Q

Which professions did Bernini take up during his lifetime?

A

sculptor, theater designer, architect, painter, and draftsmen

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11
Q

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa

A

a naturalistic marble sculpture of Saint Teresa that is shown in dramatic gold lighting from a concealed stained-glass window

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12
Q

Where is the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa set into altar?

A

the Cornaro Chapel

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13
Q

Peter Paul Rubens

A

established a huge workshop in Flanders and produced works of great energy and color that served as models for later artists

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14
Q

Rembrandt van Rijn

A

mid-17th century Dutch artist best known as one of the greatest draftsmen, a painter, and a printer (yet died in poverty)

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15
Q

What is The Night Watch more properly known as?

A

Sortie of Captain Banning Cocq’s Company of the Civic Guard

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16
Q

The Night Watch

A

Rembrandt painting that represented a break from tradition by showing more attention to some members than others despite all paying a certain sum to be included in the painting

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17
Q

Where might it be argued that the Baroque period reached its peak?

A

France

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18
Q

Who began construction of the palace at Versailles?

A

King Louis XIV

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19
Q

When was the palace at Versailles built?

A

1669

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20
Q

How much ground did the palace at Versailles cover?

A

2000 acres

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21
Q

Orangerie

A

greenhouse

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22
Q

What was included at Versailles?

A

grand chateaux and gardens, a stable for hundred of horses, an orangerie for orange trees, a zoo, a system of fountains and waterfalls, and a grand canal large enough for staging mock sea battles

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23
Q

What was the nickname given to King Louis XIV to refer to his power and opulence?

A

the “sun king”

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24
Q

Salon

A

an annual exhibition that established a set of rules for judging art that influenced art well into the 19th century

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25
Q

Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture

A

referred to simply as the “Academy,” it became a means for imposing aesthetic standards and principles of taste

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26
Q

Diego Velazquez

A

built his figures from patches of color, rather than starting from a drawing, and thus influenced Impressionism

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27
Q

Who was Diego Velazquez a contemporary of?

A

Bernini

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28
Q

Who was Diego Velazquez the court painter of?

A

King Philip IV of Spain

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29
Q

Rococo

A

celebrated gaiety, romance, and the frivolity of the grand life at court with an emphasis on light-hearted decoration with the use of gold and pastel colors

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30
Q

Jean-Antoine Watteau

A

the innovator of the genre of painting called the fete galante

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31
Q

Fete galante

A

generally depicted members of the nobility in elegant contemporary dress enjoying leisure time in the countryside

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32
Q

Francois Boucher

A

often transformed the characters of classical myth into scenes of courtly gallantry, with an emphasis on nubile nudes

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33
Q

Who was Francois Boucher the favorite painter of?

A

Madame Pompadour

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34
Q

Madame Pompadour

A

mistress to Louis XV

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35
Q

Jean-Honore Fragonard

A

also promoted by Madame Pompadour who works strongly reflect Boucher’s influence

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36
Q

Which war ushered in the idea of a democratic republic in Europe?

A

the French Revolution of 1789

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37
Q

Neoclassicism

A

art of this period demonstrated a revival of interest in the art of classical Greece and Rome

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38
Q

What was the Neoclassicist style in direct challenge to?

A

the Rococo and its association with the aristocracy

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39
Q

Jacques Louis David

A

illustrated republican virtues in his early works but later painted propaganda under Napoleon, highlighting a complex relationship between the artist and his patrons

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40
Q

Which work of Jacques Louis David is prominent for displaying republic virtues?

A

Oath of Horatii

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41
Q

When was Oath of Horatii completed?

A

1784

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42
Q

What did Jacques Louis David do following the French Revolution of 1789?

A

joined members of the new government as the master of ceremonies for the grand revolutionary mass rallies

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43
Q

Jean Dominique Ingres

A

David’s pupil whose works show the sharp outlines, unemotional figures, careful geometric composition, and rational order that are hallmarks of the Neoclassical style

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44
Q

Eugene Delacroix

A

Ingres’s rival and a proponent of Romanticism

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45
Q

Romanticism

A

hearkened back to the emotional emphasis of the Baroque, favoring feeling over reason, though it depicted natural wonders as subject matter

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46
Q

What did the subject matter in Delacroix’s works center on?

A

exotic themes, foreign settings, violence involving animals, and historical subject matter

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47
Q

Other than Delacroix, who else were notable Romantic artists?

A

Theodore Gericault and William Blake

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48
Q

Realism

A

showed the lives of ordinary people as subjects that were as important as the historical and religious themes that dominated the art exhibitions of the day

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49
Q

Realism can be thought of as a reaction toward which movements?

A

Neoclassicism and Romanticism

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50
Q

Gustave Courbet

A

outraged conventional audiences by showing a painting of ordinary workmen repairing a road at the Salon

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51
Q

The Stonebreakers

A

Courbet work of men repaired a road that carried political implications in the context of a wave of European revolutions

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52
Q

In what year did the wave of revolutions in Europe begin?

A

1848

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53
Q

Other than Gustave Courbet, who else were notable Realist artists?

A

Honore Daumier and Jean Francois Millet

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54
Q

Who is referred to as the first Impressionist?

A

Edouard Manet

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55
Q

What was the Impressionist movement a reaction of?

A

the dissatisfaction with the rigid rules that had come to dominate the Salons

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56
Q

What elements of Manet’s works influenced the generation of artists following him?

A

how he showed light by juxtaposing bright, contrasting colors

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57
Q

Le Dejeuner sur L’herbe (Luncheon on the Grass)

A

violated the unwritten rule of appropriate nudes by showing contemporary clothed men with a nude woman as part of the group

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58
Q

What did Manet base Luncheon on the Grass on?

A

an engraving with a classical subject matter

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59
Q

Salon des Refuses

A

an exhibit of works rejected by the “official” Salon

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60
Q

When was Luncheon on the Grass exhibited in the Salon des Refuses?

A

1863

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61
Q

Academie des Beaux-Arts

A

an academy in Paris that was favored by the Salon

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62
Q

Who was the source of the Impressionist movement’s name?

A

Claude Monet

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63
Q

Which work of Claude Monet gave the Impressionist movement its name?

A

Impression, Sunrise

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64
Q

Which modern advancements aided the Impressionists in achieving their depictions of light?

A

acrylic tube paints and the discovery that shadows also reflected the complementary color of the object casting them

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65
Q

Other than Monet and Manet, who are other Impressionists of note?

A

Camille Pissarro and Alfred Sisley

66
Q

Paul Cezanne

A

suggested that a painting could be structured as a series of planes (fore, middle, and background) and that objects could be reduced to their simplest underlying forms (cube, sphere, cone)

67
Q

What was Cezanne most dissatisfied with in Impressionist works?

A

the lack of solid form

68
Q

Which later 20th century movement did Cezanne influence?

A

Cubism

69
Q

Georges Seurat

A

placed an emphasis on the scientific rules of color by his use of optical mixing and static compositions

70
Q

Optical mixing

A

applying small dots of complementary colors that blended in the eye of the viewer

71
Q

Post-Impressionism

A

marked by an ongoing search for more and more brilliant colors

72
Q

Where was Vincent van Gogh based?

A

southern France

73
Q

Night Cafe

A

illustrates van Gogh’s idea that an artist’s colors should not slavishly imitate the colors of the natural world but should be intensified to portray inner human emotions

74
Q

Which colors can be seen in Night Cafe?

A

yellows, greens, and red

75
Q

Paul Gauguin

A

painted “unschooled” works in Tahiti that depicted the island’s lush, tropical setting of native people, as seen through the lens of colonialism

76
Q

What was Gauguin before becoming an artist?

A

a stockbroker

77
Q

When did Gauguin leave his family?

A

in his 40s

78
Q

Edgar Degas

A

exemplified foreign influences by often combining the snapshot style of photography with a Japanese-like perspective from slightly above the subject

79
Q

Pre-Raphaelites

A

attempted to return to the simpler forms of pre-Renaissance art by creating many quasi-religious works that blended Romantic, archaic, and moralistic elements

80
Q

Which historical event sparked the Pre-Raphaelite movement?

A

the Industrial Revolution

81
Q

Which movement did the emphasis on nature and sweeping curves of the pre-Raphaelites pave the way for?

A

Art Noveau

82
Q

Art Noveau

A

a style of decoration, architecture, and design that was characterized by the depiction of leaves and flowers in flowing, sinuous lines

83
Q

When did Art Noveau become popular?

A

late 19th and early 20th centuries

84
Q

Henri Matisse

A

leader of the Fauves, which furthered the attempts of the Post-Impressionists by using even more intense colors

85
Q

Fauves

A

recognized by a wild use of arbitrary color which should not imitate colors as seen in the real world

86
Q

What does the name Fauves translate to?

A

wild beasts

87
Q

When did Cubism begin developing?

A

1908

88
Q

Where is the birthplace of Cubism?

A

Paris

89
Q

Which two artists developed Cubism?

A

Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque

90
Q

What was Cubism a reaction against?

A

the naturalistic, often sentimental, artworks that were popular in the late 19th and early 20th century

91
Q

Die Brucke

A

a group of German artists who combined the arbitrary colors of the Fauvists with the intense feelings of the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch

92
Q

Who led Die Brucke?

A

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Emil Nolde

93
Q

Expressionism

A

the highly charged attempt to make the inner workings of the mind visible in art

94
Q

Who led Der Blaue Reiter?

A

Vasily Kandinsky

95
Q

When did Kandinsky begin to paint totally abstract pictures without any pictorial subject?

A

1913

96
Q

Who are other pioneers of abstraction outside of the German Expressionist groups Die Brucke and Der Blaue Reiter?

A

Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian

97
Q

Which artist created De Stijl canvases?

A

Piet Mondrian

98
Q

De Stijl

A

consisting of flat fields of primary color, which have become a hallmark of modern art

99
Q

The center of the art world eventually shifted from Paris to where?

A

New York

100
Q

Which organization arranged the Armory Show?

A

the Barnes Foundation

101
Q

When was the Armory Show exhibited

A

February 17 through March 15, 1913

102
Q

Armory Show

A

first major showing of modern art in the US

103
Q

Which were some artworks included in the Armory Show?

A

Marcel Duchamp’s Nude Descending a Staircase, Pablo Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon, Brancusi’s The Kiss, and Kandinsky’s non-objective paintings

104
Q

Which Armory Show artworks challenged the approaches to figure and space?

A

Nude Descending a Staircase and Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon

105
Q

Which Armory Show artwork portrayed abstracted, block-like figures

A

The Kiss

106
Q

When did Harlem become a center for African-American creativity?

A

the 1920s

107
Q

Harlem Renaissance

A

fueled by the popularity of jazz, writers and artists joined musicians in a flowering of the arts in the northeast US

108
Q

Who were some artists influenced by the Harlem Renaissance?

A

Jacob Lawrence and Romare Bearden

109
Q

Dada

A

an art aimed to protest against everything in society and to lampoon and ridicule accepted values and norms

110
Q

Where did Dada originate?

A

Zurich, Germany

111
Q

Marcel Duchamp

A

created works that have come to represent Dada’s amusing and irreverent view of the world

112
Q

LHOOQ (1919)

A

a reproduction of the Mona Lisa in which a mustache is added to her face by Duchamp

113
Q

Fountain (1917)

A

a common porcelain urinal that was exhibited by Duchamp

114
Q

Ready-mades

A

taking an ordinary object and giving it new context (making it an artwork merely by the author’s choice)

115
Q

Bull’s Head (1943)

A

famous work by Picasso in which he took bicycle handlebars and made them appear as bull horns when coupled with a bicycle seat

116
Q

Surrealists

A

influenced by the theories of Freud, these artists attempted to portray the inner workings of the mind in their artworks

117
Q

Which artists led the Surrealists movement?

A

Salvador Dali, Rene Magritte, and Joan Miro

118
Q

Bauhaus

A

made a bold attempt to reconcile industrial mass-manufacture with aesthetic form by taking the view that form should follow function

119
Q

When was the Bauhaus school of design closed by the Nazi’s?

A

1933

120
Q

Josef Albers

A

a faculty member of the Bauhaus who came the US after the school closed

121
Q

Whose ideas and writings dominated the art scene in New York during the 1950s?

A

Harold Rosenberg and Clement Greenberg

122
Q

Abstract Expressionism

A

aimed at direct presentation of feeling with an emphasis on dramatic colors and sweeping brushstrokes

123
Q

When did the Abstract Expressionist movement arise?

A

the 1940s

124
Q

Who were some Abstract Expressionist artists?

A

Willem de Kooning, Lee Krasner, Franz Kline, and Jackson Pollock

125
Q

Jackson Pollock

A

eventually abandoned the use of his paintbrush and instead dripped his paint directly onto the canvas

126
Q

What are the two types of Abstract Expressionist genres?

A

Action Painting and Color Field paintings

127
Q

Action Painting

A

employed dramatic brushstrokes and Pollock’s innovative dripping technique

128
Q

Color Field

A

featured broad areas of color and simple, often geometric forms

129
Q

Who were two well-known color field artists?

A

Mark Rothko and Josef Albers

130
Q

Jasper Johns

A

created a series of works that featured common things such as flags, numbers, maps, and letters

131
Q

Robert Rauschenberg

A

created sculptures from the cast-off objects he found around him in what he called “combines”

132
Q

Bed (1955)

A

Rauschenberg hung his own bedclothes on the wall like a canvas and painted them

133
Q

Monogram (1959)

A

consists of numerous “found” items including a stuffed goat, a tire, a police barrier, the heel of a shoe, a tennis ball, and paint (Rauschenberg)

134
Q

Pop Art

A

an incorporation of the images of mass culture that violated the traditional unspoken rules regarding what was appropriate subject matter for art

135
Q

When did the Pop Art movement arise?

A

the 1960s

136
Q

Who is considered the icon of Pop Art?

A

Andy Warhol

137
Q

Andy Warhol

A

his soup cans, Brillo boxes, and images of movie stars were created with a factory-like silkscreen approach used to mock the art world

138
Q

Roy Lichtenstein

A

adopted the imagery of comic books and recreated them on such a large scale that the patter of dots used to print them was made massive

139
Q

Robert Indiana

A

used stencils that had been originally used to produce commercial signs to create his own artistic messages

140
Q

Minimalism

A

emphasized simplification of form and often featured monochromatic palettes

141
Q

Hard-edge painting

A

very precise outlines achieved by Minimalist painters

142
Q

Which inventions led to the achievement of “hard-edge painting”?

A

acrylic paint and the airbrush

143
Q

Who is best known for Minimalist paintings?

A

Frank Stella

144
Q

David Smith

A

Minimalist sculptor who used stainless steel

145
Q

Dan Flavin

A

Minimalist sculptor who created large pieces using neon tubing

146
Q

Photorealism

A

a hyper-real quality results from the depiction of the subject matter in sharp focus, as in a photograph

147
Q

Chuck Close

A

notable Photorealist portraitist

148
Q

Duane Hanson

A

Photorealist sculptor whose witty sculptures of ordinary people hearkened back to the Realism promoted by Gustave Courbet

149
Q

When did Earthworks become popular?

A

the 1970s

150
Q

Which artists first stirred interest in Earthworks?

A

Christo and Jeanne-Claude

151
Q

How did Christo and Jeanne-Claude shock the art world?

A

they built a 24-mile-long cloth fence in California, surrounded 11 Florida islands with pink plastic, and set up orange fabric gates on pathways throughout Central Park

152
Q

Who are other artists associated with Earthworks according to Section I of the USAD Art Resource Guide?

A

Michael Heizer and Robert Smithson

153
Q

Performance art

A

a combination of theater and art in which the artist themselves become the work

154
Q

Where are Guerilla Girls based?

A

New York

155
Q

When did the Guerrilla Girls begin working together?

A

1985

156
Q

Guerrilla Girls

A

anonymous all-female group who use guerrilla warfare tactics like pasting up posters and giving public speeches to challenge an art world dominated by white men

157
Q

How do the Guerrilla Girls conceal their identities in public?

A

by wearing gorilla masks

158
Q

Postmodernism

A

reintroduce traditional elements or exaggerate modernist techniques by using them to the extreme

159
Q

Who was the leading modern architect for the International Style?

A

Philip Johnson

160
Q

Philip Johnson

A

added a finial to the top of the AT&T building in 1984

161
Q

What is the AT&T building now called?

A

550 Madison Avenue

162
Q

When did Philip Johnson suggest that one of the functions of art was decoration?

A

1970

Down With Dobie (21 decks)

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