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Down With Dobie > Art History & Western Art > Flashcards

Art History & Western Art Flashcards

Section I of Art Resource Guide

1
Q

In Advance of a Broken Arm

A

1915 work by Marcel Duchamp in which he displayed a snow shovel in New York City

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2
Q

Constructivist movement

A

movement in which Russian artists sought to further merge art and life by applying their abstract style to items like clothing fabric and kitchen tools

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3
Q

Spiral Jetty

A

Robert Smithson work of a giant coil of rock and dirt on the shore of the Great Salt Lake

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4
Q

Double Negative

A

Michael Heizer work of two massive cuts made into a mesa in Nevada

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5
Q

Art history

A

an academic discipline dedicated to the reconstruction of the social, cultural, and economic contexts in which an artwork was created

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6
Q

Art criticism

A

the explanation of current art events to the general public via the press

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7
Q

Fine art

A

produced specifically for appreciation by an audience who also understood the objects as works of art (e.g. paintings, prints, architecture)

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8
Q

Formal analysis

A

the visual qualities of the work of an art itself

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9
Q

Contextual analysis

A

examines present and later cultural, religious, and economic contexts in which a work is consumed

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10
Q

Which type of analysis do we begin a study on a work of art to keep the focus on the object itself?

A

formal analysis

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11
Q

Pliny the Elder

A

sought to analyze historical and contemporary art in his text Natural History

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12
Q

Giorgio Vasari

A

gathered the biographies of great Italian artists, past and present, in The Lives of the Artists, which developed the concept of “individual genius”

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13
Q

Johann Joachim Winckelmann

A

German scholar who shifted away from Vasari’s biographical emphasis to a rigorous study of stylistic development as related to historical context

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14
Q

Throughout which centuries did art historians continue to develop approaches that placed increasing emphasis on the interrelationship between the formal qualities of a work of art and its context?

A

Nineteenth through twentieth centuries

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15
Q

Chauvet Cave

A

cave in southeastern France that is the location of the oldest works of art discovered

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16
Q

When are the paintings in Chauvet Cave dated to?

A

c. 30,000 BCE

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17
Q

When were the paintings in Chauvet Cave discovered?

A

1994

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18
Q

What do the Chauvet Cave paintings depict?

A

horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalos, and mammoths using red ochre and black charcoal

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19
Q

Lascaux/Altamira cave paintings

A

large colored drawings of horses, bears, lions, bison, and mammoths along with the inclusion of several outlines of human hands

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20
Q

Which animals do the Chauvet Cave and Lascaux/Altamira paintings have in common?

A

horses, lions, and mammoths

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21
Q

Venus (or Woman) of Willendorf

A

four and one-eighth-inch high stone figure of a female with exaggerated female features, an undefined face, barely visible arms, and missing feet

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22
Q

Recap: What were the Old Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic Period) artworks?

A

Chauvet Cave, Lascaux/Altamira, and the Venus of Willendorf

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23
Q

Where was evidence of cave dwellers moving toward rock shelters in the Middle Stone Age found?

A

eastern Spain

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24
Q

Rock shelter paintings

A

portray human beings, both alone and in groups, with an emphasis on scenes in which humans dominate animals

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25
Q

Where was the Old Stone Age exception for painting a human figure?

A

Lascaux

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26
Q

When are the rock shelter paintings dated to?

A

7000 BCE to 4000 BCE

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27
Q

Recap: What were the Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic Period) artworks?

A

rock shelter paintings in eastern Spain

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28
Q

Megaliths

A

“great stones”

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29
Q

Where is Stonehenge located?

A

Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England

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30
Q

When was Stonehenge built?

A

2100 BCE

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31
Q

Post and lintel construction

A

two upright pieces of stone topped with a crosspiece (or lintel)

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32
Q

“Heel-stone”

A

marks the point at which the sun rises on the midsummer solstice from the northeast

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33
Q

How large/heavy were the rough-hewn stones used to build Stonehenge?

A

17 feet in height and 50 tons

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34
Q

Describe the outer ring of Stonehenge

A

comprised of huge sarsen stones in post and lintel construction

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35
Q

Describe the inner ring of Stonehenge

A

composed of bluestones, which encircle a horseshoe-shaped row of 5 lintel-topped sarsen stones that weighed as much as 50 tons

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36
Q

Which two civilizations developed writing and arts in parallel to one another?

A

Mesopotamia and Egypt

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37
Q

Sumerians

A

built massive temples at the centers of cities, which later evolved into the stepped ziggurat pyramids

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38
Q

When did the Sumerians control Mesopotamia?

A

4000 BCE

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39
Q

When did the cities of Sumer come under control of the Sargon of Akkad?

A

2334 BCE

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40
Q

Akkadians

A

assimilated Sumerian culture, supplanted loyalty to the city-state with loyalty to the king, and depicted rulers in freestanding and relief sculptures

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41
Q

When did Akkadian rule come to an end?

A

2150 BCE

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42
Q

Guti

A

barbarous mountaineers who invaded the Akkadians in Mesopotamia and took control

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43
Q

Neo-Sumerians

A

greatest known works were the ziggurats that functioned as temples and administrative/economic centers

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44
Q

King of Ur

A

Neo-Sumerian ruler

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45
Q

When did the Sumerians reinstate control in Mesopotamia?

A

2100 BCE

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46
Q

Babylonians

A

enduring legacy is left in the codification of Babylonian law

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47
Q

When did the city-state of Babylonia centralize power?

A

1792 BCE

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48
Q

Hammurabi

A

Babylonian king whose code is carved onto a stone stele along with a sculpture in high relief of him receiving inspiration from the sun-god Shamash

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49
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

oldest legal code known in its entirety and is preserved in the Louvre Museum

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50
Q

Shamash

A

Babylonian sun-god who gave Hammurabi inspiration for his legal code

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51
Q

Assyrians

A

civilization in northern Mesopotamia whose most notable artworks are relief carvings that depict battles, sieges, and hunts

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52
Q

When were Assyrians the most powerful civilization in the Near East?

A

900-600 BCE

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53
Q

When did Assyrian hold on power weaken?

A

7th century BCE

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54
Q

When did Babylonia reassert dominance in Mesopotamia?

A

c. 612-538 BCE

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55
Q

Neo-Babylonians

A

notable artworks are the hanging gardens of Babylon and the Ishtar Gate

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56
Q

Ishtar Gate

A

the gateway to the great ziggurat of the temple of Bel in which animal figures are superimposed on a walled surface

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57
Q

Persian Empire

A

present-day Iran and most notable for architectural achievements that reflect Egyptian influence

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58
Q

Persepolis

A

Persian palace that was constructed of stone, brick, and wood, reflecting the influence of Egyptian architecture

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59
Q

Who conquered Egypt in 332 BCE?

A

Alexander the Great

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60
Q

When did Alexander the Great conquer Egypt?

A

332 BCE

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61
Q

Hierarchiacal scale

A

uses the states of figures or objects to determine their relative sizes within an artwork

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62
Q

Palette of King Narmer

A

a ceremonial palette for mixing cosmetics from the Old Kingdom that exemplifies hierarchical scale with its depiction of King Narmer as considerably larger than his enemies

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63
Q

Fractional representation

A

when the head is in profile with the eye in frontal view, the torso in full frontal view and the lower body, legs, and feet in profile

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64
Q

Tutankhamun’s burial mask

A

made of gold and decorated with blue glass and semiprecious stones

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65
Q

By when had most ancient Egyptian tombs been broken into and robbed of?

A

20th century

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66
Q

When was Tutankhamun’s tomb discovered?

A

1922

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67
Q

Nubia

A

kingdom south of Egypt that once ruled the region

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68
Q

Place the Aegean island cultures in ascending order from the earliest civilization to the latest

A

Cycladic, Minoan, Myceneaen

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69
Q

When did the Cycladic culture flourish?

A

3200 to 2000 BCE

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70
Q

Cyclades

A

a group of islands in the Aegean

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71
Q

Cycladic culture

A

artworks include simplified, geometric nude female figures, decorated pieces of pottery, and marble bowls and jars

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72
Q

When did the Minoan culture develop?

A

2nd millennium BCE

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73
Q

Crete

A

island where the Minoan culture developed

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74
Q

Which city were Minoans centered around?

A

Knossos

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75
Q

Minotaur

A

creature believed to be half man and half bull and who devoured those who entered his maze

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76
Q

What actually was the maze from the Minotaur legend?

A

the Minoan royal palace at Knossos

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77
Q

Minoan culture

A

naturalistic pictorial style of artworks depict sea life, a female snake goddess, frescoes painted on palace walls, pottery designs, and four unfortified palaces

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78
Q

Mycenae

A

city on the Greek mainland

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79
Q

Mycenaean culture

A

notable for elaborate tombs, a mastery of goldsmithing, and relief sculpture

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80
Q

Archaic Period

A

Greeks created freestanding marble and limestone sculptures, temples using Doric and Ionic columns were built, and vase painting became popular

81
Q

When was the Archaic Period?

A

660 to 475 BCE

82
Q

Corinthian vases

A

set figures against a floral, ornamented background

83
Q

Athenian-style vases

A

similar to the Corinthian style but used black figures that were more linear and larger in scale

84
Q

Red-figure vases

A

set red figures standing out against a black background

85
Q

Where is the best-known Greek art?

A

Athens

86
Q

Early Classical Period

A

temples were typically built using sturdy, Doric columns that characterized solemnity, strength, and simplicity (either in the moment before or after an important action)

87
Q

Contrapposto

A

standing figure is posed with its weight shifted onto one leg, for a more relaxed, naturalistic appearance

88
Q

What is contrapposto also known as?

A

counter-positioning

89
Q

Middle Classical Period

A

characterized by important advances in architecture such as by the Parthenon

90
Q

How long has the Parthenon’s use of columns been a principle of Western architecture?

A

more than 2000 years

91
Q

When was the Parthenon destroyed?

A

480 BCE

92
Q

When was the Parthenon restored?

A

447 BCE

93
Q

Late Classical Period

A

architecture declined but the use of highly decorative Corinthian columns became more and more popular

94
Q

Where was the city of Athens defeated?

A

in the Peloponnesian War

95
Q

Hellenistic Period

A

notable works include freestanding the sculptures Venus de Milo and Lacoon Group; increasing influence from Eastern civilizations as Greek styles blended with those of Asia Minor

96
Q

Etruscan civlization

A

transition from the ideals of Greece to the pragmaticism of the Romans

97
Q

Where did Etruscan civilization arise?

A

Italy

98
Q

When did Etruscan civilization develop?

A

1st millennium BCE

99
Q

Etruscan art

A

sarcophagus lids, temples with tiled roofs, bronze work, and paintings that depict figures playing music and dancing as part of funeral celebrations

100
Q

By which century did Roman art become variations of Greek works?

A

2nd century BCE

101
Q

What did the development of concrete enable the Romans to create?

A

huge domed buildings

102
Q

What was the Roman invention of the curved arch used for?

A

construction of bridges and aqueducts

103
Q

What are two buildings that can still be seen in Rome?

A

the Colosseum and the Pantheon

104
Q

Mosaics

A

small ceramic tiles, pieces of stone, or glass are set into a ground material to create large murals (often Christian in content)

105
Q

Ravenna

A

the shining mosaic walls at its great churches are a prominent example of the largely Christian emphasis placed on mosaic works

106
Q

Where was the Hagia Sophia built?

A

Constantinople

107
Q

Books were hand copied on what during the Medieval Period?

A

vellum or parchment

108
Q

Notable books from the Medieval Period

A

the Book of Kells and the Coronation Gospels

109
Q

Early medieval period

A

notable artwork includes decorative metalwork from nomadic Germanic peoples and woodwork from the Scandinavian Vikings

110
Q

Hiberno-Saxon

A

a merging of the artistic styles of the Vikings and those found in Anglo-Saxon England and Celtic Ireland

111
Q

Later medieval period

A

the architecture of churches became the dominant art form as the greatest of these masterpieces took over a century to complete

112
Q

What did the earliest churches use as the basis of their design?

A

Roman arches

113
Q

What is a prominent example of the Romanesque style?

A

Saint-Sernin

114
Q

Where is Saint-Sernin?

A

Toulouse, France

115
Q

What are the qualities of a Romanesque church?

A

stone vaulted buildings usually formed by a barrel vault, with massive walls (that limited space for windows and doors) used to support these arches

116
Q

When did the Gothic style develop?

A

12th century through the 16th century

117
Q

Vault

A

an arch-shaped structure that is used as a ceiling or as a support to a roof

118
Q

Barrel vault

A

a tunnel of arches

119
Q

Ribbed vaults

A

a framework of thin stone ribs or arches built under the intersection of the vaulted sections of the ceiling

120
Q

What are the characteristics of the Gothic period?

A

pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses

121
Q

Flying buttresses

A

additional bracing material and arches placed on the exterior of the building to counteract the downward and outward pressure created by barrel vaults

122
Q

What did the development of flying buttresses allow for?

A

larger windows and higher ceilings

123
Q

Chartres Cathedral

A

a classic example of a Gothic cathedral in France in which the effect of the tall arches and brightly colored light from stained-glass windows directs attention heavenward

124
Q

When was the Chartres Cathedral first built?

A

c. 1145

125
Q

When was the Chartres Cathedral rebuilt?

A

1194

126
Q

Giotto di Bondone

A

Florentine artist who marks the transitional time period between the Gothic and Renaissance styles by his use of simple perspective and emotional expressions

127
Q

What is Giotto di Bondone best known for?

A

frescoes

128
Q

How did Giotto di Bondone achieve his use of simple perspective?

A

by overlapping and modeling his figures in the round

129
Q

What directly led to the vast fortunes accumulated by notables such as the Medici family?

A

the development of paper money

130
Q

What were painters and sculptors considered until the Renaissance?

A

artisians

131
Q

Artisians

A

people who were viewed as being of lesser status because they worked with their hands

132
Q

Lorenzo Ghiberti

A

designed a door panel that depicted the sacrifice of Isaac in which he appears as a Greek classical figure

133
Q

When was the competition for the design of the doors for the new baptistery in Florence held?

A

1401

134
Q

What was Lorenzo Ghiberti asked to do after his doors were installed into the Florence baptistery?

A

to make a second set for another entrance to the baptistery

135
Q

How long did Ghiberti’s second set of doors to the Florence baptistery take to make?

A

more than 25 years

136
Q

What did Michelangelo call Ghiberti’s second set of doors to the Florence baptistery?

A

“Gates of Paradise”

137
Q

Filippo Brunelleschi

A

second-place winner in the Florence baptistery competition who later concentrated on architecture and won a competition to complete the dome of the Florence Cathedral

138
Q

Why had the Florence Cathedral remained unfinished for many years?

A

architects had not been able to construct the huge vault required to span the open space

139
Q

How was Brunelleschi able to complete the dome of the Florence cathedral?

A

double-shelled dome design

140
Q

Other than the double-shelled dome design, what else is Brunelleschi credited with developing?

A

linear (single vanishing point) perspective

141
Q

Masaccio

A

credited with putting Brunelleschi’s theory of linear perspective into practice with the use of both linear and aerial perspective in his frescoes

142
Q

Who is considered to be the founder of modern sculpture?

A

Donatello

143
Q

What did the works of Donatello evidence?

A

the influence of classical antiquity and (later in life) a greater emphasis on naturalism and the expression of character and dramatic action

144
Q

What is Donatello’s best-known work?

A

David (c. 1420s-60s)

145
Q

Botticelli’s David

A

a bronze statue that is the first known freestanding nude statue to have been cast since antiquity

146
Q

What is Botticelli’s best-known painting?

A

The Birth of Venus

147
Q

The Birth of Venus

A

one of the first paintings of a full-length nude female since antiquity that established an image of female beauty of a long-necked woman with flowing hair

148
Q

What were the generation of artists that followed Donatello and Botticelli referred to as?

A

High Renaissance artists

149
Q

Who are the models for the term “Renaissance Man”?

A

Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci

150
Q

What is Leonardo da Vinci’s key innovation in painting?

A

sfumato

151
Q

Where does the word sfumato derive from?

A

Fumo (smoke)

152
Q

Sfumato

A

the use of mellowed colors and a blurred outline that allows forms to blend subtly into one another without perceptible transitions

153
Q

In which Leonardo da Vinci painting is sfumato readily apparent?

A

the Mona Lisa

154
Q

When did Michelangelo create his vision of David?

A

1504

155
Q

Michelangelo’s David

A

larger than life-sized marble statue originally meant to be placed on top of the Florence Cathedral but later placed on ground for its popularity

156
Q

When did Pope Julius II commission Michelangelo to design his tomb?

A

1505

157
Q

Which statues did Michelangelo create to be included in Pope Julius II’s tomb?

A

Moses, The Dying Slave, and the Bound Salve

158
Q

How large is the Sistine Chapel?

A

700 square yards

159
Q

How long did it take Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?

A

4 years (1508-12)

160
Q

Who is considered to be the most influential painter of the Madonna

A

Raphael Sanzio

161
Q

Madonna

A

term to refer to the Virgin Mary

162
Q

School of Athens

A

a Raphael fresco that was an homage to the great Greek philosophers and scientists

163
Q

Giorgione

A

credited with making innovations in the subject matter of landscapes as he painted scenes NOT taken from the Bible or classical stories

164
Q

The Temptest

A

Giorgione painting that depicts figures of being of lesser importance than the storm that threatens them

165
Q

Titian Vecelli

A

most prolific of the Venetian painters and known as being the greatest colorist of the Renaissance artists

166
Q

Which objects did Titian Vecelli often use as the backdrop for his portraits

A

a column or curtain

167
Q

Tintoretto

A

Venetian painter who used Mannerist pictorial techniques but differed from the style by using dramatic color schemes and angles

168
Q

What marks Tintoretto’s later works?

A

spiritual subject matter and an anticipation of the Baroque era

169
Q

When did Mannerism gain popularity?

A

late 16th century

170
Q

Mannerism

A

characterized by the distortion of perspective and scale, the use of acidic colors, and the twisted positioning of their subjects

171
Q

Chiaroscuro

A

dramatic contrasts of light and dark used to heighten the emotional impact of an artwork

172
Q

What event most impacted the art history of the 16th century?

A

the Reformation

173
Q

Reformation

A

Protestants criticized the opulence and corruption of the Catholic Church and called for its purification

174
Q

Counter-Reformation

A

emphasized, even more than before, lavish church decoration and art of a highly dramatic and emotional nature

175
Q

Which artist is most associated with the Counter-Reformation?

A

El Greco

176
Q

What is El Greco’s full name?

A

Dominikos Theotokopoulos

177
Q

El Greco

A

a well-known Mannerist painter whose dramatic use of elongated figures captured the religious fervor of the Counter-Reformation

178
Q

Who was El Greco strongly influenced by?

A

Tintoretto

179
Q

Whose workshop did El Greco work in while in Venice?

A

Titian Vecelli

180
Q

When did El Greco leave Italy for Toledo, Spain?

A

1576

181
Q

Which are transitional artists between the end of the Renaissance and beginning of the Baroque?

A

El Greco and Tintoretto

182
Q

Place the Italian Renaissance artists in ascending order from the earliest to the latest

A

Donatello, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo di Buonarotti, Raphael Sanzio, Giorgione, Titian Vecelli, Tintoretto, El Greco

183
Q

Which Renaissance artists hailed from Florence?

A

Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo di Buonarotti

184
Q

Which Renaissance artist was based in Rome?

A

Raphael Sanzio

185
Q

Which Renaissance artists are from Venice?

A

Giorgione, Titian Vecelli, and Tintoretto

186
Q

Which Renaissance artist is from Toledo?

A

El Greco

187
Q

What development enabled northern European Renaissance artists to display a greater degree of realistic detail than can be seen in works of the south?

A

oil paints

188
Q

While the Renaissance occurred in Italy, much of European art north or where was still Gothic in style?

A

the Alps

189
Q

Artwork from which century in northern Europe demonstrates a greater awareness of the Italian Renaissance?

A

16th century

190
Q

Which two methods brought Italian Renaissance ideas to the north?

A

engravers who copied notable works and trade networks between upper-class German merchants and Venetian merchants

191
Q

Who are considered the greatest artists of the Renaissance in northern Europe?

A

Matthias Grunewald and Albrecht Durer

192
Q

How many of Grunewald’s works have survived?

A

10

193
Q

What is Grunewald best known for?

A

religious scenes and his depiction of Christ’s crucifixion

194
Q

Insenheim Altarpiece

A

a Grunewald work consisting of nine panels mounted on two sets of folding wings that depicts the crucifixion of Jesus Christ

195
Q

Albrecht Durer

A

most famous artist of Reformation Germany who combined the naturalistic detail favored by the north with the theoretical ideas developed by Italian artists

196
Q

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

A

a woodcut published by Albrecht Durer

197
Q

Hans Holbein the Younger

A

German Renaissance portraitist and court painter to King Henry VIII of England

198
Q

Holbein’s works became the model and standard for English painting up through which century?

A

19th century

Down With Dobie (21 decks)

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