arrt review: studies Flashcards
gallbladder location: hypersthenic patient
T10-T11
gallbladder location: sthenic patient
T12-L1
gallbladder location: hyposthenic/asthenic patient
L3-L4
common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct (____________) and empty into the duodenum via the ___________________
Duct of Wirsung, hepatopancreatic ampulla (aka ampulla of Vater)
how does an ERCP work? what does it evaluate?
scope enters esophagus –> duodenum, places a wire through the papilla
evaluates common bile, cystic, and pancreatic duct
what is the medical term for gallstones?
cholelithiasis
patient positioned in a ___________ for an ERCP
RAO or lateral
patient positioned in a ___________ for a surgical cholangiogram
Fowler’s
what does a surgical cholangiogram evaluate? how?
injection of contrast dye into common bile duct during surgical procedure
medical term for gallbladder removal
cholecystectomy
what is a PTC? what does it evaluate?
direct puncture of biliary ducts performed on jaundiced patients using water soluble contrast
what does PTC stand for?
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
what does ERCP stand for?
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
________ are usually made after a PTC exam
spot AP images
T-tubes are placed in the ____________________ for postoperative drainage
common hepatic/common bile
How does the scope access the biliary tree in an ERCP?
via the esophagus, through the duodenum
what type of scope is used in an ERCP?
duodenoscope
what type of contrast is used in an ERCP?
iodinated, water soluble contrast
Most commonly demonstrated in myelograms is a _________________
herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
what type of contrast is used in myelograms?
Nonionic, water soluble, iodine-based media
lumbar myelogram injection site
L3-L4
cervical myelogram injection alternative name and injection site
Cisternal puncture, C1-C2
type of injection in myelogram
intrathecal into the subarachnoid space
the subarachnoid space is between the _____________________ space contains CSF
arachnoid space and the pia mater-meningeal
Between which days should the HSG be performed?
Performed between 7 and 10 days after the onset of menstruation
What type of contrast is used for an HSG?
water soluble iodinated contrast
what is the 10 day rule in regards to HSG?
10 day rule = abdominal and pelvic x-rays only during the 10 days following the onset of menstruation
Patient position for an HSG
Lithotomy position
major calyces unite to form __________
renal pelvis
renal pelvis lies within the ____
hilum
renal pelvis is continuous with ________, which then empty into the bladder, and then out of the body via the _________
ureter, urethra
kidney location
halfway between xiphoid and iliac crest, approx. T11-12 and L3
which kidney sits lower?
right (due to the liver)
retrograde = ______ normal flow
antegrade = _______ normal flow
retro = against, ante = with
How is the contrast introduced in a IVU?
via an IV
Is an IVU a functional or structural study?
Functional test, functional ability of kidneys
is IVU antegrade or retrograde?
antegrade
What type of contrast is used in an IVU?
water soluble contrast
IVU oblique degree of rotation
30 degrees
the kidney parallel in LPO/RPO IVU obliques will be the (upside/downside) kidney
upside
example: in an RPO kidney, the (left/right) kidney will be parallel/demonstrated and the (left/right) ureter will be demonstrated
RPO
-left kidney
-right ureter
what is hydronephrosis?
dilation of the drainage system of the kidney
positional change in kidney where the kidney drops further in the pelvis when patient goes from supine to standing
nephroptosis
how is contrast introduced in a cystogram?
into the bladder by way of catheter via gravity
is a cystogram a structural or functional study?
structural
is a cystogram a retrograde or antegrade study?
retrograde
why is a posterior oblique view used in a cystogram?
view posterior bladder/UV junction
cystogram AP positioning, CR angle and centering
supine, CR perpendicular, CR 2” superior to pubic symphysis
cystogram AP axial positioning, CR angle and centering
supine, CR 10-15 caudad, CR 2” superior to pubic symphysis
cystogram LPO/RPO positioning, CR angle and centering
45-60 degree oblique (do not flex legs), CR perpendicular, 2” superior to PS
cystogram lateral recumbent CR angle and centering
CR perpendicular, 2” posterior and superior to PS
VCUG male positioning
30 deg. RPO
VCUG female positioning
AP
is a VCUG a structural or functional study?
functional
is a retrograde urography a structural or functional study?
structural
is a VCUG an antegrade or retrograde study?
retrograde
what does a VCUG evaluate?
evaluating flow of urine
what does a retrograde urethrogram evaluate?
male urethra
layers of the esophagus from innermost to outermost
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa (fibrous)
where does the CR be directed for a nephrogram?
midway between iliac crests and xiphoid process
What does VCUG stand for?
Voiding cystourethrogram
