arrt review: procedures Flashcards
body habitus percentage: sthenic
50%
body habitus percentage: asthenic
10%
body habitus percentage: hyposthenic
35%
body habitus percentage: hypersthenic
5%
what does the axial skeleton include?
skull, spine, thorax, sacrum
what does the appendicular skeleton include?
extremities, clavicle/scapula/shoulder girdle, pelvic bones (NOT including the sacrum/coccyx)
The only articulation between the upper extremities and the thorax is what?
the SC joint
the mastoid process is located at ____
C1
the thyroid cartilage is located at ____
C4-5
the vertebral prominens is located at ____
C7
the sternal (jugular) notch is located at ____
T2-3
the sternal angle is located at ____
T4-5
the inferior angle of the scapula is located at ____
T7
the xiphoid process is located at ____
T10
the lower costal margin is located at ____
L1-2
the umbilicus is located at ____
L3-4
the iliac crest is located at ____
L4-5
the ASIS is located at ____
S1
the greater trochanter is located at ____
pubic symphysis
what is the gonion? what is the inion?
gonion = angle of the mandible
inion = surfaced landmark located at the occipital protuberance
what is the superciliary ridge?
ridge of bone across the superior portion of both orbits
mesocephalic skull is ________ and has the petrous pyramids at ___ degrees from MSP
a “typical” skull, 47
brachycephalic skull is _________ has the petrous pyramids at ___ degrees from MSP
short from front to back, 54
doliocephalic skull is ____________, and has the petrous pyramids at _ degrees from MSP
long from front to back, 40
Townes CR angle for OML and IOML perpendicular positioning
OML = 30 caudad
IOML = 37 caudad
Townes method demonstrates what part of the skull?
occipital/posterior region
proper positioning of a lateral skull will show what in superimposition?
orbital plates, base of skull, greater wings of the sphenoid bone
PA axial (Caldwell) will have petrous ridges ________; PA will have them __________
in lower 1/3 of orbits, filling the orbits
proper positioning in an SMV view demonstrates what?
symmetry of mandibular rami, superimposition of mandibular symphysis over frontal bone
proper positioning of PA Axial (Caldwell) demonstrates what anatomy?
anterior portion of cranium, petrous ridges, orbits
proper positioning of PA skull demonstrates what?
frontal bone
in a Waters view, patient is positioned so OML forms what angle to the IR?
37 degree angle to IR
in a modified Waters view, patient is positioned so OML forms what angle to the IR?
55 angle to the IR
which requires more extension: Waters or modified Waters?
Waters (MML perpendicular as opposed to LML)
Degrees of rotation for different mandibular areas of interest***
ramus = true lateral
body = 30 degrees rotated towards IR
mentum = 45 degrees towards
positioning, CR angle, and centering for modified Law views
MSP angled 15 degrees towards table, CR 15 degrees caudad, centered at TMJ
Typical exam for pneumo
Typical exam for pneumo = PA chest on inspiration and expiration
Articulations between the bodies of the vertebrae are classified as ______________
amphiarthrodial
Dorsoflexion vs plantarflexion
dorsoflexion = toes (up/down)
plantarflexion = toes (up/down)
dorsoflexion = toes up
plantarflexion = toes down (pointed toes)
AP axial L5/S1 angle, centering
30-35 degrees cephalic, centered at L5/S1 joint space
what is the difference between a Danelius-Miller and a Clements-Nakayama?
Danelius Miller (cross table horizontal beam) = suspected fracture/dislocation, cannot frog leg
Clements-Nakayama = suspected BILATERAL hip fractures
what is a Clements-Nakayama view?
axiolateral inferosuperior view of hip (lateral)
what is a Danelius-Miller view?
cross table hip
what is a modified Cleaves?
unilateral non-trauma lateral view “frog” leg
a modified Cleaves requires leg a minimum of ____ degrees from _______
40-45, vertical
at what level is the carina?
T4-5
CR angle for LPO/RPO C-spine obliques
15-20 cephalic
CR angle for LAO/RAO C-spine obliques
15-20 caudad
LPO/RPO C-spine obliques demonstrate the (upside/downside) intervertebral foramina and pedicles
upside (farther from IR)
LPO C-spine obliques will demonstrate ___________
right intervertebral foramina
RPO C-spine obliques will demonstrate ___________
left intervertebral foramina
LAO C-spine obliques will demonstrate ___________
left intervertebral foramina
RAO C-spine obliques will demonstrate ___________
right intervertebral foramina
LAO/RAO C-spine obliques demonstrate the (upside/downside) intervertebral foramina and pedicles
downside (closer to IR)
in L-spine obliques, the Scotty dog’s nose is turned ___________
towards the downside
PA Scoliosis series is also called _____________
Ferguson Method
how low should the collimation be for AP/PA scoliosis series?
low enough to include 1 inch of iliac crests
where is the CR directed for an AP L-spine?
level of iliac crests (L4-5)
a spinal condition where one vertebra (bone in the spine) slips forward over the vertebra below it
spondylolisthesis
where does spondylolisthesis generally occur in the spine?
L5/S1
where do you center for an L5/S1 spot shot?
1.5 inches inferior to iliac crest and 2 inches posterior to ASIS
Scotty dog: what is the superior articular process?
ear
Scotty dog: what is the inferior articular process?
leg
Scotty dog: what is the pedicle?
eye
Scotty dog: what is the pars interarticularis?
neck
Scotty dog: what is the transverse process?
nose
Scotty dog: what is the lamina/spinous process?*
body
in between each positioning line, there is __ degrees of difference
7
primary pathology of myelograms is _____________
herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
in myelograms, contrast is administered into the ___________
subarachnoid space (intrathecal injection)
AP SI joints CR angle: ___ degrees cephalic for males, ___ degrees cephalic for females
30 degrees males, 35 degrees females
unilateral AP hip centering
centered 2.5 inches distal to the midpoint of the line drawn between the pubic symphysis and the ASIS
inlet projection CR angle/centering: _____________________
40 degree caudad, centering at ASIS
outlet projection CR angle/centering: ___________________
males = 20-35 degrees cephalic, 2 inches distal to pubic symphysis
females = 30-45 degrees cephalic, 2 inches distal to pubic symphysis
Outlet projection is also called _________
Taylor method
Between the inlet/outlet projections, which has a different set of angles for males v. females?
outlet has different
patient obliquity for Judet views; affected side (up/down)
45 degrees
CR entering for Judet Method (acetabulum)
affected side down = perpendicular and centered to 2 inches distal and 2 inches medial to downside ASIS
affected side up = perpendicular and centered 2 inches directly distal to upside ASIS
Evaluation criteria for Judet Method, upside acetabulum
the posterior rim of the acetabulum
the anterior iliopubic column
the obturator foramen is visualized
Evaluation criteria for Judet Method, when centering to downside acetabulum
the anterior rim of the acetabulum is visualized
the posterior ischial column is visualized
the iliac wing is well demonstrated
how many ribs do you need to see in a PA chest?
9-10 pairs of ribs
abdominal regions superior left to right
left hypocondriac, epigastric, right hypocondriac
abdominal regions middle left to right
left lumbar, umbilical, right lumbar
abdominal regions inferior left to right
left iliac, hypogastric, right iliac
KUB vs upright abdomen vs lateral decubitus centering differences
KUB = at iliac crests
upright abdomen = 2 inches above iliac crests (light at axilla)
lateral decubitus = 2 inches above iliac crests
order of small intestines
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
smallest and longest portion of the small intestine
smallest = duodenum
longest = ileum
anatomy demonstrated in right lateral decubitus BE?
medial side of ascending colon
lateral side of descending colon
anatomy demonstrated in left lateral decubitus BE?
medial side of descending colon
lateral side of ascending colon
anatomy demonstrated in posterior obliques (LPO/RPO) for BE
side farthest away
LPO = right (hepatic flexure, ascending colon)
RPO = left (splenic flexure, descending colon)
anatomy demonstrated in anterior obliques (LAO/RAO) for BE
side closest
LAO = left (splenic flexure, descending colon)
RAO = right (hepatic flexure, ascending colon)
BE positioning visualization - where will barium be?
prone = _________ colon
supine = _________ colon
prone = transverse colon, sigmoid colon
supine = ascending/descending colon
anatomy demonstrated prone PA in upper GI
entire stomach and duodenal loop
body and pyloris are filled with barium
anatomy demonstrated recumbent RAO in upper GI
best for demonstrating the duodenal bulb + the C-loop of duodenum
air will fill fundus
anatomy demonstrated right lateral in upper GI
right retrogastric space, duodenal loop, duodenojejunal junction
air will fill fundus
anatomy demonstrated supine AP in upper GI
barium fills fundus
air/gas will fill body and pylorus
anatomy demonstrated recumbent LPO in upper GI
demonstrates fundus, provides unobstructed view of the duodeneal bulb without superimposition by the pylorus
air/gas fills pyloris
in an upper GI, what positioning will best demonstrate presence of hiatal hernia?
recumbent AP in 25-30 degree Trendelenburg position
access point for ERCP is the ___________
duodenal papilla
anatomy demonstrated in AP axial for BE
CR angle/centering
rectosigmoid colon
30-40 degrees axial, 2 inches below ASIS
Colles fracture
-fall on ___________
-(ventral/dorsal) displacement of distal fragment
FOOSH
dorsal displacement of distal
Smith fracture
-fall on ___________
-(ventral/dorsal) displacement of distal fragment
flexed wrist
ventral displacement
Where is the distal radial fragment displaced? Smith = ______
Colles = _______
Smith = anterior (ventral)
Colles = posterior (dorsal)
Ribs 1-10 articulate with ______________ and _______________
vertebral body and transverse process
in a lawrence method shoulder x-ray, how is the patient’s arm positioned?
90 degrees abducted from body
rotation in a lateral skull image is evident by ______________
anterior and posterior separation of symmetric vertical bilateral structures (such as mandibular rami, greater wings of sphenoid)
tilt in a lateral skull is evident by ____________________
superior and inferior separation of symmetric horizontal structures (such as orbital plates and greater wings of sphenoid bone)
C spine obliques centering
L spine obliques CR centering
L3 (lower costal margin), 1-2 inches above iliac crest and 2 inches medial to ASIS
how do you determine if you use a perpendicular vs 5-8 degree caudal angle on a L5-S1 spot?
textbook answer: interiliac line
clinical: looking at lateral L spine images
layers of the esophagus from internal to external
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa (fibrous) layer
AP partial flexion CR angle
able to partially extend = ___________
unable to partially extend = ______________
perpendicular, 10-15 towards joint
a ______ ring is seen in the esophagus and is commonly associated with hiatal hernias
schatzki
each lung is enclosed in ___________
visceral pleura
the spinal cord is found in what opening created by the vertebral arch?
vertebral foramen
at what level does the spinal cord terminate?
L1-2
term that describes the pouches found throughout the colon
haustra
long bands of tissue that run the length of the colon
taeniae coli
