Areas of Practice Flashcards
1
Q
Fiscal Impact Analysis
A
Cost-revenue analysis. Used to estimate cost and revenue of development for local government. Can be done for development projects or land use decisions.
2
Q
Fiscal Impact Analysis: Average Per Capita Method
A
(Local budget / existing population) * expected new population of development
3
Q
Fiscal Impact Analysis: Adjusted Per Capita Method
A
Similar to average method but adjusts expectations for new development
4
Q
Fiscal Impact Analysis: Disaggregated Per Capita Method
A
Estimates costs & revenue based on major land uses
5
Q
Fiscal Impact Analysis: Dynamic Method
A
Applies stats to time-series data (i.e. sales tax generated by grocery store applied to new development)
6
Q
Standard Zoning Enabling Act (1924 & 1926 revision)
A
Said zoning code must be in line with comp plan
7
Q
Comprehensive Plan
A
Not defined but most states require local gov to have one. Tribal governments too.
8
Q
Platting
A
Sub-division of land. Dates back to 1660.
9
Q
Subdivision
A
Division of land in 2+ parcels. Can include minimum acreage requirements.
10
Q
Plat
A
Map of a tract or parcel of land.
11
Q
Replat
A
Allows for lots to be further subdivided or added back together.
12
Q
Amending Plat
A
Corrects errors or adds additional information to plan.
13
Q
Vacating Plat
A
Allows for plat to be terminated prior to selling of lots.
14
Q
Preliminary Plat
A
To-scale drawing of topography showing location of lots, streets, drainage, facilities, etc.
15
Q
Final Plat
A
Approved preliminary plat with all notation, dedications, easements, approvals, etc.
16
Q
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction (ETJ)
A
Area outside of city limits where subdivision regulations apply.
17
Q
Performance Bond
A
Agreement between property owner and community to ensure plat built as shown. Government can use bond to develop improvements if developer fails to meet requirements.
18
Q
Dedications
A
Gifts of land for public purposes
19
Q
Impact Fees
A
Charged for off-site infrastructure needed to provide service to development
20
Q
Subdivision Bonuses
A
Extension of development benefits - i.e. impact fees waived, density bonuses, etc.
21
Q
Subdivision Bonuses
A
Extension of development benefits - i.e. impact fees waived, density bonuses, etc.
22
Q
Zoning
A
Separation of land uses or functions into zones.
23
Q
Roles: Staff
A
Reports to Planning/Zoning Commission
24
Q
Roles: Planning/Zoning Commission
A
Issues a recommendation regarding zoning matters to City Council
25
Board of Appeals/Adjustment
Hears cases for variances, special exceptions, zoning ordinance appeals
26
City Council
Makes final determination on zoning issues
27
Zoning Text Amendment
Changes requirements for all properties in that zone.
28
Zoning Map Amendment
Changes zoning district on particular property.
29
Euclidean Zoning
(Euclid, OH) Places protective restrictions on residential land, less on commercial, virtually none on industrial
30
Cumulative Zoning
Each successive district allows uses from previous zone
31
Modified Cumulative Zoning
Districts are cumulative by land use but more restrictive than cumulative zoning.
32
Permitted Use
Allowed use without permission from city
33
Conditional Use
Must ask city - allowed use if it is compatible with surrounding uses
34
Nonconforming
Typically property uses that existed before the code - grandfathered in
35
Accessory Use
Incidental to main use of property (i.e. storage, garage apartment, etc.)
36
Planned Unit Development
Large development with mix of uses. In exchange for flexibility in site design, developer offers amenities, open space, etc.
37
Overlay Zoning
Additional restriction on property (i.e. historic, flood, etc.)
38
Variance (in general)
Change in zoning regulations due to economic or physical hardship
39
Use Variance
Allows property to have use not typically allowed under regulations
40
Area Variance
Allows property to be excluded from site requirements of ordinace
41
Smart Growth
Sustainability planning that provides economic benefits for all
42
Sustainable Development
Balancing human needs with protection of the natural environment so present and future needs can be met.
43
Triple Bottom Line
People, profit, planet. 1994, John Elkington
44
Carrying Capacity
Maximum employment and population a community can sustain. Ian McHarg discussed in Man and Nature
45
Trip Generation
Number of trips a site is likely to generate.
46
Origin Destination Survery
Motorists surveyed in particular area and asked about origin and destination of their trip then mailed a survey.
47
Cross-Tabulation Models
Estimates on trip generation based on land use/socioeconomic factors. (9 trips/1000 SF single family home, 43 trips for/1000 SF shopping)
48
Trip Distribution
Divided area into zones - trips between zones calculated
49
Gravity Model
Trip estimates based on "attractiveness" of zone
50
Modal Split
What mode of transportation to infer how many of each type of vehicle need to get from place to place.
51
Design Hour Volume
Capacity of roadway to handle traffic as designed
52
Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)
Measure of mobility - function of topography, density, travel distances, mass transit. High VMT = long distance traveled or more vehicles on road
53
Level of Service (LOS)
A = free flow traffic, F = heavy traffic
54
Metropolitan Planning Organization
Policy board created to carry out the metropolitan transportation planning process. To meet federal requirements for transportation planning via the Highway Act of 1962.
55
Transportation Improvement Program
Lists all projects anticipated to receive federal funding, represents priorities by region.
56
Transit Oriented Development
Residential and commercial areas designed to encourage use of transit.
57
Complete Street
Safe, accessible, convenient street for all modes of transportation.
58
Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance
Allows local governments to deny or delay new developments if existing government services cannot support. Ensures no negative impact on community via new development.
59
Concurrency
Requiring infrastructure to be in place and available prior to new deveopment
60
Daylighting
Placing windows so natural light illuminates interior during the day
61
Blue Infrastructure
Water-based infrastructure (bio-swales, wetlands, etc.)
62
Green Infrastructure
Emphasizes the role of the natural environment in land use planning (i.e. reducing and treating stormwater runoff at the source)
63
Telecommunications Planning
Access to broadband, etc.
64
Hazard Mitigation
Action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from natural hazards.
65
Adaptation
Adjustment of human or natural systems in response to actual or expected effects of climate change.
66
Resilience
Ability of a community to return to original form after it has been changed.
67
Substantial Damage
Cost of restoring structure > 50% of market value or replacement cost.
68
Substantial Improvement
Improvements that cost > 50% of market value.
69
National Flood Insurance Program
Voluntary program that encourages floodplain management activities.
70
Multiplier Effect
Certain types of jobs drive demand for other jobs.
71
Multipliers
Estimate ripple effect of local change in economic activity.
72
Enterprise Zones
Geographic areas where companies qualify for corporate income tax credits, property-tax abatements, etc.
73
Context Sensitive Design
Flexible development practices that are sensitive to community values.
74
Form-Based Code
Regulates development to achieve specific urban form versus conventional zoning which is use over form.
75
New Urbanism
Focus on mixed-income, compact, walkable neighborhoods.
76
Transect
Development on rural to urban continuum..
77
Tactical Urbanism
DIY urbanism - low-cost, temporary changes to demonstrate impact change can have.
78
Transit-Oriented Development
Mixed-use development to maximize access to public transit.
79
Public Works Administration (PWA)
First federally supported housing program. Created in 1934 after Great Depression to provide public housing (85% of cost).
80
HUD
formed from Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965.
81
Pruitt-Igoe
Housing in St. Louis 1954-1972. Shift away from high-rise concentrated public housing.
82
Hope VI
Grant program for redevelopment of public housing. Mixed income neighborhoods - decentralization of public housing.
83
Sweat Equity
Increased value in property earned from labor put towards construction/renovation.
84
Urban Homesteading
Encourage residents to occupy and renovate vacant homes.
85
Workforce Housing
Subsidized housing for nurses, police officers, teachers, etc.
86
Community Development Banks
Operate in low-income areas
87
Colonias
Unincorporated subdivisions with little infrastructure. Sold to low-income individuals.
88
Food Deserts
Areas that lack access to food.
89
Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)
Mechanism for farmers in community sell produce to locals (no middleman).
90
Farm to School
Programs that help bring fresh, local farm produce to schools.
91
Food Policy Council
Advise state/local government on food issues including policies and practices.
92
Agricultural Land Trust
Identifies land that should be preserved and works with local farmers to engage in the trust, typically via conservation easements.
93
Healthy Corner Store Initiative
Subsidizes local corner stores in under-served areas to provide healthy alternatives.
94
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Phone survey at state level to assess risk of adults (i.e. smoking).
95
Health Disparities
Incidence of health conditions among different populations (i.e. low birth rate in certain area).
96
Health Impact Assessment
Captures consequences of a health policy or action. Can be done for new developments.
97
Corridor Transportation Planning
Occurs at regional level, supported by MPO, looks at long-term needs and implementation strategies.
98
National Corridor Planning
Conducted by USDOT - "Integrated Corridor Management" for efficient movement of people and integration of existing systems.
99
National Scenic Byways Program
Created in 1992, designates and funds enhancements of areas with natural, cultural, historic, scenic significance.
100
Greenway & Blueway Planning
Most effective at regional level. About protection of natural resources, economic development opportunities, etc.
101
Greenbelts
Undeveloped natural land set aside for open space/recreation.
102
Greenbelt Alliance
Anti-sprawl, pro-infill. Helped created 25 urban growth boundaries.
103
National Heritage Areas
Cultural, historic resources combine into nationally important landscape.
104
Tourism Corridor Planning
Link social, cultural, economic drivers to support tourism.
105
Neighborhood Planning Pioneers
Robert Park & E.W. Burgess of the Chicago School - early 1900's
106
Neighborhood Unit
Coined by Clarence Perry - consists of 160 acres (1/2 square mile) with 1/4 mile walk radius, density of 10 units per acre, 5,000 population.
107
Edge City
New concentration of businesses outside traditional urban area.
108
Edge City Book
Joel Garray - new normal of urban growth. 5M SF, 600K retail, more jobs than beds
109
Face Block
Both sides of street for one block.
110
Residential Neighboorhood
Cluster of face blocks that are connected.
111
Institutional Neighborhood
Several residential neighborhoods plus institution (school, hospital, etc.).
112
Land Base Classification Standards
```
Yellow = residential
Red = retail
Purple = industrial
Blue = social
```
113
Metes and Bounds
Uses physical features of the local geography, directions and distances, to define a parcel of land.
114
Exactions
Requirements a local government places on a developer (land or pay $) for costs of capital improvements needed for public facilities. Condition of development approval..
115
Hybrid Center/Power Town
Lifestyle centers (500K SF or less).
116
HOME Program
Allocates funding for rehab of low-income housing.
117
National Register of Historic Places
1966, run by National Park Service. List of properties deemed worthy of preservation.
