Areas of Practice Flashcards
Fiscal Impact Analysis
Cost-revenue analysis. Used to estimate cost and revenue of development for local government. Can be done for development projects or land use decisions.
Fiscal Impact Analysis: Average Per Capita Method
(Local budget / existing population) * expected new population of development
Fiscal Impact Analysis: Adjusted Per Capita Method
Similar to average method but adjusts expectations for new development
Fiscal Impact Analysis: Disaggregated Per Capita Method
Estimates costs & revenue based on major land uses
Fiscal Impact Analysis: Dynamic Method
Applies stats to time-series data (i.e. sales tax generated by grocery store applied to new development)
Standard Zoning Enabling Act (1924 & 1926 revision)
Said zoning code must be in line with comp plan
Comprehensive Plan
Not defined but most states require local gov to have one. Tribal governments too.
Platting
Sub-division of land. Dates back to 1660.
Subdivision
Division of land in 2+ parcels. Can include minimum acreage requirements.
Plat
Map of a tract or parcel of land.
Replat
Allows for lots to be further subdivided or added back together.
Amending Plat
Corrects errors or adds additional information to plan.
Vacating Plat
Allows for plat to be terminated prior to selling of lots.
Preliminary Plat
To-scale drawing of topography showing location of lots, streets, drainage, facilities, etc.
Final Plat
Approved preliminary plat with all notation, dedications, easements, approvals, etc.
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction (ETJ)
Area outside of city limits where subdivision regulations apply.
Performance Bond
Agreement between property owner and community to ensure plat built as shown. Government can use bond to develop improvements if developer fails to meet requirements.
Dedications
Gifts of land for public purposes
Impact Fees
Charged for off-site infrastructure needed to provide service to development
Subdivision Bonuses
Extension of development benefits - i.e. impact fees waived, density bonuses, etc.
Subdivision Bonuses
Extension of development benefits - i.e. impact fees waived, density bonuses, etc.
Zoning
Separation of land uses or functions into zones.
Roles: Staff
Reports to Planning/Zoning Commission
Roles: Planning/Zoning Commission
Issues a recommendation regarding zoning matters to City Council
Board of Appeals/Adjustment
Hears cases for variances, special exceptions, zoning ordinance appeals
City Council
Makes final determination on zoning issues
Zoning Text Amendment
Changes requirements for all properties in that zone.
Zoning Map Amendment
Changes zoning district on particular property.
Euclidean Zoning
(Euclid, OH) Places protective restrictions on residential land, less on commercial, virtually none on industrial
Cumulative Zoning
Each successive district allows uses from previous zone
Modified Cumulative Zoning
Districts are cumulative by land use but more restrictive than cumulative zoning.
Permitted Use
Allowed use without permission from city
Conditional Use
Must ask city - allowed use if it is compatible with surrounding uses
Nonconforming
Typically property uses that existed before the code - grandfathered in
Accessory Use
Incidental to main use of property (i.e. storage, garage apartment, etc.)
Planned Unit Development
Large development with mix of uses. In exchange for flexibility in site design, developer offers amenities, open space, etc.
Overlay Zoning
Additional restriction on property (i.e. historic, flood, etc.)
Variance (in general)
Change in zoning regulations due to economic or physical hardship
Use Variance
Allows property to have use not typically allowed under regulations
Area Variance
Allows property to be excluded from site requirements of ordinace
Smart Growth
Sustainability planning that provides economic benefits for all
Sustainable Development
Balancing human needs with protection of the natural environment so present and future needs can be met.
Triple Bottom Line
People, profit, planet. 1994, John Elkington
Carrying Capacity
Maximum employment and population a community can sustain. Ian McHarg discussed in Man and Nature
Trip Generation
Number of trips a site is likely to generate.
Origin Destination Survery
Motorists surveyed in particular area and asked about origin and destination of their trip then mailed a survey.
Cross-Tabulation Models
Estimates on trip generation based on land use/socioeconomic factors. (9 trips/1000 SF single family home, 43 trips for/1000 SF shopping)
Trip Distribution
Divided area into zones - trips between zones calculated
Gravity Model
Trip estimates based on “attractiveness” of zone
Modal Split
What mode of transportation to infer how many of each type of vehicle need to get from place to place.
Design Hour Volume
Capacity of roadway to handle traffic as designed
Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)
Measure of mobility - function of topography, density, travel distances, mass transit. High VMT = long distance traveled or more vehicles on road
Level of Service (LOS)
A = free flow traffic, F = heavy traffic
Metropolitan Planning Organization
Policy board created to carry out the metropolitan transportation planning process. To meet federal requirements for transportation planning via the Highway Act of 1962.
Transportation Improvement Program
Lists all projects anticipated to receive federal funding, represents priorities by region.
Transit Oriented Development
Residential and commercial areas designed to encourage use of transit.
Complete Street
Safe, accessible, convenient street for all modes of transportation.
Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance
Allows local governments to deny or delay new developments if existing government services cannot support. Ensures no negative impact on community via new development.
Concurrency
Requiring infrastructure to be in place and available prior to new deveopment
Daylighting
Placing windows so natural light illuminates interior during the day
Blue Infrastructure
Water-based infrastructure (bio-swales, wetlands, etc.)
Green Infrastructure
Emphasizes the role of the natural environment in land use planning (i.e. reducing and treating stormwater runoff at the source)
Telecommunications Planning
Access to broadband, etc.
Hazard Mitigation
Action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from natural hazards.
Adaptation
Adjustment of human or natural systems in response to actual or expected effects of climate change.
Resilience
Ability of a community to return to original form after it has been changed.
Substantial Damage
Cost of restoring structure > 50% of market value or replacement cost.
Substantial Improvement
Improvements that cost > 50% of market value.
National Flood Insurance Program
Voluntary program that encourages floodplain management activities.
Multiplier Effect
Certain types of jobs drive demand for other jobs.
Multipliers
Estimate ripple effect of local change in economic activity.
Enterprise Zones
Geographic areas where companies qualify for corporate income tax credits, property-tax abatements, etc.
Context Sensitive Design
Flexible development practices that are sensitive to community values.
Form-Based Code
Regulates development to achieve specific urban form versus conventional zoning which is use over form.
New Urbanism
Focus on mixed-income, compact, walkable neighborhoods.
Transect
Development on rural to urban continuum..
Tactical Urbanism
DIY urbanism - low-cost, temporary changes to demonstrate impact change can have.
Transit-Oriented Development
Mixed-use development to maximize access to public transit.
Public Works Administration (PWA)
First federally supported housing program. Created in 1934 after Great Depression to provide public housing (85% of cost).
HUD
formed from Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965.
Pruitt-Igoe
Housing in St. Louis 1954-1972. Shift away from high-rise concentrated public housing.
Hope VI
Grant program for redevelopment of public housing. Mixed income neighborhoods - decentralization of public housing.
Sweat Equity
Increased value in property earned from labor put towards construction/renovation.
Urban Homesteading
Encourage residents to occupy and renovate vacant homes.
Workforce Housing
Subsidized housing for nurses, police officers, teachers, etc.
Community Development Banks
Operate in low-income areas
Colonias
Unincorporated subdivisions with little infrastructure. Sold to low-income individuals.
Food Deserts
Areas that lack access to food.
Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)
Mechanism for farmers in community sell produce to locals (no middleman).
Farm to School
Programs that help bring fresh, local farm produce to schools.
Food Policy Council
Advise state/local government on food issues including policies and practices.
Agricultural Land Trust
Identifies land that should be preserved and works with local farmers to engage in the trust, typically via conservation easements.
Healthy Corner Store Initiative
Subsidizes local corner stores in under-served areas to provide healthy alternatives.
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Phone survey at state level to assess risk of adults (i.e. smoking).
Health Disparities
Incidence of health conditions among different populations (i.e. low birth rate in certain area).
Health Impact Assessment
Captures consequences of a health policy or action. Can be done for new developments.
Corridor Transportation Planning
Occurs at regional level, supported by MPO, looks at long-term needs and implementation strategies.
National Corridor Planning
Conducted by USDOT - “Integrated Corridor Management” for efficient movement of people and integration of existing systems.
National Scenic Byways Program
Created in 1992, designates and funds enhancements of areas with natural, cultural, historic, scenic significance.
Greenway & Blueway Planning
Most effective at regional level. About protection of natural resources, economic development opportunities, etc.
Greenbelts
Undeveloped natural land set aside for open space/recreation.
Greenbelt Alliance
Anti-sprawl, pro-infill. Helped created 25 urban growth boundaries.
National Heritage Areas
Cultural, historic resources combine into nationally important landscape.
Tourism Corridor Planning
Link social, cultural, economic drivers to support tourism.
Neighborhood Planning Pioneers
Robert Park & E.W. Burgess of the Chicago School - early 1900’s
Neighborhood Unit
Coined by Clarence Perry - consists of 160 acres (1/2 square mile) with 1/4 mile walk radius, density of 10 units per acre, 5,000 population.
Edge City
New concentration of businesses outside traditional urban area.
Edge City Book
Joel Garray - new normal of urban growth. 5M SF, 600K retail, more jobs than beds
Face Block
Both sides of street for one block.
Residential Neighboorhood
Cluster of face blocks that are connected.
Institutional Neighborhood
Several residential neighborhoods plus institution (school, hospital, etc.).
Land Base Classification Standards
Yellow = residential Red = retail Purple = industrial Blue = social
Metes and Bounds
Uses physical features of the local geography, directions and distances, to define a parcel of land.
Exactions
Requirements a local government places on a developer (land or pay $) for costs of capital improvements needed for public facilities. Condition of development approval..
Hybrid Center/Power Town
Lifestyle centers (500K SF or less).
HOME Program
Allocates funding for rehab of low-income housing.
National Register of Historic Places
1966, run by National Park Service. List of properties deemed worthy of preservation.
