Arboviruses and emerging viral infections

Question 1

arboviruses

Answer 1

arthropod borne viruses (mosquitoes=common vector)

Question 2

Alphaviruses

Answer 2

+ polarity single stranded RNA with an envelope

Question 3

Alphavirus types

Answer 3

VEE, EEE, WEE, chikungunya

Question 4

Alphaviruses can cause disease in

Answer 4

horses and humans

Question 5

Bunyavirus

Answer 5

• polarity single stranded RNA virus with envelope

Question 6

Bunyavirus examples

Answer 6

California encephalitis virus(LaCrosse), Hantaan, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic, cytopathologic effects

Question 7

Arenavirus

Answer 7

• ss RNA virus, envelope

Question 8

arenavirus example

Answer 8

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCV)-zoonoses

Question 9

St. Louis encephalitis

Answer 9

usually mild

most severe in infants and elderly

Question 10

EEE (Eastern Equine Encephalitis)

Answer 10

rare, most severe equine disease, young and elderly most susceptible

Question 11

West Nile Fever Virus

Answer 11

+ ssRNA, enveloped icosahedral

Question 12

West Nile is transmitted by_____ and is predominantly in _____

Answer 12

mosquitoes; Africa

Question 13

severe forms of WNV

Answer 13

meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis

Question 14

major reservoir for WNV

Answer 14

birds

Question 15

togaviruses

Answer 15

+ ss RNA, enveloped, Alphavirus

Question 16

flaviviruses

Answer 16

+ ss RNA, enveloped

Question 17

examples of flaviviruses

Answer 17

yellow fever, dengue, st louis enceph, west nile

Question 18

VHF (Viral Hemorrhagic Fever) caused by

Answer 18

enveloped RNA viruses

Question 19

Many VHFs are ________; some are ________.

Answer 19

arborviruses; zoonotic

Question 20

Pathologic hallmark of VHF

Answer 20

damage to overall vascular system

Question 21

VHF symptoms

Answer 21

conjunctivitis, petechia, echymosis

Question 22

Most VHF viruses are classified as ______, which induce_______.

Answer 22

biosafety level four (highest level); high mortality

Question 23

VHF examples

Answer 23

flavivirus(yellow fever, dengue fever), arenaviruses(lassa fever virus), bunyavirus(hantaan virus, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, Rift Valley fever virus), filoviruses(marburg, ebola)

Question 24

Yellow fever

Answer 24

flavivirus (flavi=yellow), transmitted by mosquitoes, 1 antigenic type, restricted to africa, central and south am, and carribean

Question 25

yellow fever clinical features

Answer 25

may be mild, liver damage in some cases-->black vomit; vaccine available (live attenuated 17D)

Question 26

Dengue fever

Answer 26

flavivirus, most common virus transmitted by mosquitoes, 4 antigenic types (diff to make vaccine), severe form "backbreak fever"

Question 27

pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever shock syndrome

Answer 27

involves virus-Ab complex

Question 28

Lassa Fever Virus

Answer 28

Arenavirus, rat reservoir (zoonotic), can respond to antiviral ribavirin

Question 29

Korean Hemorrhagic Fever

Answer 29

bunyavirus, caused by hantaan virus, rodent reservoir, results in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

Question 30

Filoviridae

Answer 30

ss RNA, ex: marberg, ebola

Question 31

Ebola Reston

Answer 31

mutation in ebola resulting in infection of monkeys, not in humans (the hot zone)

Question 32

Filoviruses attach to what cell recpetors?

Answer 32

glycoproteins

Question 33

ebola

Answer 33

pleomorphic; 4 types: Zaire, Sudan, Ivory Coast, and Reston (monkeys) 1st 3 cause disease in humans

Question 34

ebola structure

Answer 34

enveloped, - ssRNA, has peplomer (spike on viral capsid or viral envelope)

Question 35

filovirus protein NP

Answer 35

nuleoprotein; primary structural protein associated with the filovirus nucleocapsid

Question 36

filovirus protein VP35

Answer 36

acts as cofactor in transcription and replication of viral proteins

Question 37

filovirus protein VP40

Answer 37

matrix protein, also most abundant viral protein; may facilitate in the budding process

Question 38

filovirus protein GP

Answer 38

Glycoprotein- makes up the virion spikes or peplomers and mediates entry into host cells thru receptor binding

Question 39

Filovirus protein sGP

Answer 39

secreted from the cell, present only in ebola victims; may help inhibit immune response

Question 40

In ebola infection, host dies with little evidence of ______.

Answer 40

immune response

Question 41

immune system evasion proteins in ebola

Answer 41

mainly sGP(decoy), VP35-ifn, GP-immunosuppressive

Question 42

ebola can cause

Answer 42

cytotoxicity, hemorrhage, and shock

Question 43

Concern about mutation of Ebola virus to

Answer 43

a more virulent or aerosolized variant (bc its an RNA virus)

Question 44

ebola incubation period, death occurence

Answer 44

inc: 2-21 days | death occurs w/in 7-16 days from shock

Question 45

ebola targets what kind of cells?

Answer 45

macrophages, liver cells, endothelial cells

Question 46

ZMapp

Answer 46

humanization of 3 mouse monoclonal antibdies, effective in monkeys against ebola

Question 47

TKM-Ebola

Answer 47

small interfering RNAs targeting several ebola proteins