Arab Israeli topic 3 Flashcards
Yom Kippur ending reason
OPEC members refused to sell oil to the USA, and they cut production for everyone else by 25%. This quadrupled the price of oil, from $3 a barrel to $12 dollars a barrel
Kissinger shuttle diplomacy
Egypt very open to reopening, 220 mil/yr Suez Canal, want to continue to solve palestine, control Sinai, Carter offered US aid
Israel very dependent on America almost forced
Syria trickier, doesn’t want to stop claim on Golan Heights
Shuttle diplomacy consequences
generally unsuccessful, but in January 1974 Egypt and Israel agreed to pull back from the Suez Canal and a UN peacekeeping force was installed between the two sides in a demilitarised zone (DMZ). Work could then start on reopening the Suez Canal. Both countries also agreed that they would settle any future conflicts by talking rather than fighting.
March 1974, Opec resell oil
Golan heights DMZ established
Reopening of Suez
1975, 686,000 mines clear, 96 deaths, Egypt, USA, France and Britain required. Reopened on 5/06/75, 7 years after closure
Egyptian National Assembly
November 1977, Sadat would do anything for peace, even speak at Knesset, house of parliament
Begin
wanted peace with Egypt as he wanted to focus attention on the PLO threat from Lebanon. Likewise, Begin visited and spoke at the Egyptian National Assembly.
Framewokr for egypt, israel peace
Camp David accords
Egypt and Israel would be at peace; Israel leave Sinai in 3 years
Israel be allowed to use Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran
USA give $1 billion a year for 10 years to Egypt
Israel get $10 billion from USA to help pay dismantle its bases in Sinai
Framework for peace in the middle east
Camp David Accords
Israel accept ‘legitimate rights for Palestinians’ (unqualified)
In West Bank and Gaza, Palestinians could elect a council to govern themselves for 5 years (what about Palestinian refugees and Jerusalem?)
Israeli troops would withdraw from these areas
After 5 years a decision would be made about how these areas would be ruled
No mention of Jerusalem or Israel’s occupation of the Golan Heights.
Camp David accords reaction
Begin/Sadat 1978 Nobel peace prize, but Sadat called a traitor and Egypt removed from Arab League, Palestinians and UN not consulted about agreement
Treaty of Washington 1979
Recognised each other’s right to live in peace
Israel agreed to withdraw from Sinai; Egypt allowed Israel to use Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran.
Palestinians unmentioned, Arab condemned
Yasser Arafat 1974
gave a speech at UN, in turn achieved PLO recognition as observer, Olive Branch, PLO would negotiate for peace, disagreed by many other PLO rejectionists
achieved UN Resolution 323 - affirm the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, particularly their right to self-determination, national independence, and sovereignty
Lebanon PLO 1970s
300,000 Palestinian refugees, repaired roads, health clinics
Lebanese government viewed them as bullies, south lebanon known as Fatahland
IDF reprocussions hurt Lebanon infrastructure
Phalange
A right wing christian Militia in Lebanon funded by Israel,
1975 Lebanon civil war
Phalange, Syria, Israel VS PLO, Lebanese Muslim, Druze
70,000 dead
PLO still control much of south lebanon
Coastal Road Massacre
March 1978, PLO hijack bus and commit biggest attack on Israeli soil, 38 dead.
Op Litani
response to coastal road massacre,
Israeli troops invaded Lebanon with the aim of destroying the PLO and taking the south. 1,100 Palestinians and Lebanese died before ceasefire
most dead innocent, PLO ordered to flee north
USSR PLO
Gave rocket launchers etc,
Lebanon invasion 1982
Israel use mid 1981 ceasefire to plan,
2/06/82 - 3 Palestinians tried to assassinate the Israeli ambassador in London NON PLO MEMBERS….
Israel respond by attacking the PLO, operation ‘Peace for Galilee’
06/06/82
700,000 troops bomb north and surround Beirut.
Aim to evict PLO and assert Phalange leader Bachir Gemayel as President of Lebanon
Beirut bombed for 2 months, 20,000 pedestrians killed
August - a multinational force comprising of USA, France and Italy supervised the evacuation of 11,000 Palestinian fighters by ship to Tunisia. The PLO moved headquarters to Tunis.
Sabra and Shatilla
16 September 1982 -
ARIEL SHARON - Israeli defence minister claimed there were still PLO terrorists inside the refugee camp. These were surrounded by Israeli soldiers who allowed Phalange to massacre 3,500 people.
Forced to resign
Impact of 1982 Lebanon
PLO raids permanently stopped
Israel’s already weak reputation ruined through brutal methods including white phosphorus
Led to creation of Hezbollah who continued insurgency against Israel - guerilla war
Intifada cause
Dec 1987 - Israeli stabbed to death
Next day, Israeli truck crashed into Palestinian crowd, 4 dead
Rumour spread of this being intentional - rioting at funeral
Palestinian killed 3 days later
The intifada began
Intiada events
started with spontaneous tyre burning graffiti etc
ended with united boycotts led by the UNLU (United National Leadership of the Uprising)
PM Yitzhak Shamir had an iron fist policy, crowds dispersed with tear gas and live ammo etc, schools close, thousands arrested
intifada consequences
Palestine - 1,200 died, schools closed, water limited - very difficult life, spontaneous house demolishing, 50% unemployment
But they finally found power in unity
Israel - 160 dead, economy halted by boycott and reduced tourism. Country divided on the issue wether to keep west bank etc. UN condemned iron fist
International opinion shifted based on media coverage
Arafat also changed his stance - the PLO would accept the state of Israel as long as the Palestinians gained independence.
1988 Arafat
Renounces terrorism in Intifada, craved increased power due to him being far away and meaning Hamas and Islamic Jihad are gaining power in the area.
November - PLO now significantly changed stance and accept israel as a country, accepting 2 state solution
December - on USA’S insistence, he renounced terrorism, proving genuine interest in peace, Israel did not care and refused to negotiate despite US attempts, Hamas and JIhad disagree
Gulf War
Despite 4000 houses bombed by Hussein, Israel does not retaliate in order to not conflict arabs in the coallition, boosted reputation.
PLO supported Hussein so were discredited and bankrupted as Kuwait and Saudi withdrew support.
200,000 palestinians deported from Kuwait
Arafat has fumbled all power
Nov 1991
USA and USSR had a joint peace conference in Madrid
Arab nations attend and attempt peace talks which almost failed as Israel refused to talk with non gazan or west bank palestinians and Lebanon and syria thus refuse to talk to Israel, perpetual.
Cold war end consequences
200,000 Soviet jews move to Israel
settlements built in west bank, 1/3 of palestinians employed by Israelis no longer needed, agreement needed to be made
Israel no longer only US arab ally, could withhold funding with little consequence, financial pressure everpotent when help was needed more than ever with immigrants
April 1992 to April 1993
Plane suspected to have Arafat in it crashes in a standstorm, but he survived, relief increases his reputation, greater negotiation position
06/92 - Rabin takes power, more prepared than ever to negotiate peace so long as no intifada
April 1993: First Hamas suicide bombing. Hamas was unwilling to negotiate with Israel, saw the Israel-Palestine war as a Holy War. Rabin therefore saw Arafat as moderate enough to negotiate with.
Oslo Accords
Rabin and Arafat representatives agree that peace will be within 5 years
signed in september 1993
Israel accepts PLO as representatives of Palestinians
PLO renounced violence and accepted Israel’s right to exist
Palestinian National Authority set up - run by PLO at first then members democratically chosen by Palestinians living in West Bank and Gaza
Over next 5 years, Israeli forces would withdraw from West Bank and transfer responsibly to the PNA
Negotiations and final peace treaty at the end of the 5 years.
Real sense of optimism after Oslo Accords; maybe peace
1994
Rabin and Arafat nobel prize
1994 Israeli-Jordan Peace Treaty
Hussein needed peace due to debts which US would ignore in exchange for peace and many refugees
1988, Jordan renounces claim to west bank, bolstering peace
Told PLO to find peace and stopped financial support
October 1994
don’t enter other’s territory without permission
OSLO II
(Divided West Bank into 3 parts)
Area A: Controlled by PNA (3% of WB)
Area B: Joint Palestinian and Israeli control (25% of WB) -Area C
The rest = Israels (72%) which contained most natural resources.
Difficult to move between Areas A and B. Rejected by PFLP, Hamas, Islamic Jihad. Many Israelis saw this as peace so were happy
some weren’t (giving up ‘Promised Land’) Saw Rabin as traitor, 2 months later assassinated.
1996
Started well – Arafat returned from Tunis. PNA set up, elections, Arafat elected president. Slow process of Israeli withdrawal started. But then ground to a halt, because success depended on goodwill between leaders, but vanished. Optimism gone. Oslo Accords however viewed as breakthrough; each side recognised the other’s right to exist.
Sadat death
6/10/81
assassinated
