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Healthy Pop Exam 3 > Aquatics > Flashcards

Aquatics Flashcards

1
Q

Why does using an open water system for an aquatic population allow for high stocking densities?

A

(Bc their metabolic waste leaves along with the flow of water)

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2
Q

Do you have more control over water quality with a closed or open water system?

A

(Closed → ex. home aquariums, you know what you put in)

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3
Q

What is the nitrification process?

A

(Conversion of ammonia produced by fish into nitrite and the the conversion of that nitrite into nitrate, all of which occurs via bacteria and all of which can be detrimental to the fish if elevated)

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4
Q

What are the top 5 parameters of water quality that you should want to know if a client were to come to you with sick fish?

A

(Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, nitrites/nitrates)

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5
Q

Besides the temperature of water being outside of the optimal range, what other scenario related to temperature can lead to stress on the fish?

A

(Rapid changes in temperature)

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6
Q

Is there more or less oxygen in water when it is warm?

A

(Less oxygen when water is warm)

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7
Q

What clinicals signs in fish can indicate low dissolved oxygen? Three answers.

A

(Gulping at the surface, lethargy, and increased ventilatory effort)

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8
Q

What is the optimal pH for freshwater fish?

A

(7.2)

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9
Q

Are freshwater or saltwater fish associated with higher pH conditions?

A

(Saltwater → 7.8-8.6)

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10
Q

What are the high and low end pH death points for fish?

A

(High is 11.0 and low is 4.0)

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11
Q

What is the primary waste product of fish?

A

(Ammonia)

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12
Q

Would an ammonia level of 0.01 ppm be concerning?

A

(No, <0.02ppm is normal)

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13
Q

Of the ions involved in the nitrification process, which is “relatively” non-toxic?

A

(Nitrates)

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14
Q

What is the difference between the optimal values of ammonia and nitrates between fresh and marine systems?

A

(There is no difference, values should be the same; the difference between fresh and marine lies in the pH and the salinity)

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15
Q

What substances are added to municipal water as oxidizers, are toxic to all species of fish, and are removed from water by chemicals, aeration, and/or activated carbon? Two answers.

A

(Chlorine and chloramines)

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16
Q

(T/F) Fish are the most numerous and most diverse vertebrate species.

A

(T, 35.000+ species)

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17
Q

Which layer of fish skin is the external epithelial layer of the skin that contains mucus cells, alarm cells, chemosensory cells, taste buds, and chloride cells?

A

(Epidermis)

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18
Q

What purpose do scales serve and what is indicated by their loss?

A

(Scales serve a protective function, their loss indicates damage to the skin)

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19
Q

Which layer of fish skin is the internal layer of skin that is the origin and anchor for scales, contains pigment cells, and overlays muscle?

A

(Dermis)

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20
Q

What fish structure contains the respiratory structures, communicates with the buccal cavity, is usually a bilaterally paired structure and is commonly covered by an operculum?

A

(The opercular cavity)

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21
Q

What is the primary site of ammonia excretion for fish?

A

(Their gills)

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22
Q

What are the three major functions of the gills?

A

(Respiration, excretion, and osmoregulation)

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23
Q

What is the virus that causes disease of fry and fingerling trout and salmon that affects the pancreas and is transmitted both horizontally through feces and urine as well as vertically?

A

(Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus)

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24
Q

What is the virus that causes disease of less than 2 years of age trout and salmon that affects the liver and pancreas, is found only in the western U.S., and is transmitted both horizontally and vertically?

A

(Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus)

25
Q

What is the reportable virus that affects liver, kidney, splenic, and intestinal tissue of salmonids and non-salmonids, and is found only on the Pacific coast in the U.S.?

A

(Viral hemorrhagic septicemia)

26
Q

What is the epizootic strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia that rocked the Great Lakes shit?

A

(VHS IVb)

27
Q

What is the reportable virus that causes disease in many species of salmonids by inducing severe hemorrhage of kidney and splenic tissue and that is only found in Maine in the U.S.?

A

(Infectious salmonid anemia)

28
Q

Is the high mortality herpes viral disease specific for carp, Koi herpes virus, acute, subclinical, or chronic?

A

(Acute)

29
Q

What is the reportable rhabdovirus that causes acute disease in young and adult cyprinid species characterized by severe hemorrhage of the swim bladder and viscera?

A

(Spring viremia of carp)

30
Q

Is the chronic superficial disease of cultured cyprinids, that occurs worldwide in the winter/early spring and causes transient, focal, benign hyperplasia of the epithelium, a herpes or pox virus?

A

(Fish or carp pox is a HERPES virus)

31
Q

Lymphocystis, an iridovirus that occurs worldwide and infects fibroelastic cells which then undergo massive growth but that is usually self-limiting and rarely fatal, occurs in which of the following: freshwater, brackish, and/or marine fishes?

A

(All three)

32
Q

(T/F) Most bacterial pathogens of fish are gram negative.

A

(T)

33
Q

What is the optimal culture temperature for fish bacterial pathogens?

A

(20-22 degrees celsius aka room temperature)

34
Q

The main cause of death associated with Aeromonas hydrophilia infections is an imbalance in osmoregulation and homeostasis so what should you do prior to treating the bacterial infection?

A

(Correct the osmoregulation/homeostasis issue by adding salt to the water, the fish will need to put less energy into maintaining osmoregulation and can instead fight the infection)

35
Q

What is the causative agent of furunculosis in coldwater fish that is an obligate fish pathogens?

A

(Aeromonas salmonicida)

36
Q

What genus of bacteria is the marine equivalent to the freshwater Aeromonas diseases?

A

(Vibrio spp.)

37
Q

Of Aermonas and Vibrio bacteria, which has the greatest zoonotic potential?

A

(Vibrio spp.)

38
Q

What is the causative agent of columnaris disease that can give infected fish a yellow sheen and affects most species of warm, freshwater, bottom dwelling fish?

A

(Flavobacterium columnaris)

39
Q

What bacterial infection causes severe bacterial septicemia in both freshwater and marine species of fish that causes abnormal behavior and is zoonotic?

A

(Streptococcus spp. infections)

40
Q

Are Mycobacterium spp. infections in fish associated with tuberculous disease and subsequently categorized as a reportable disease?

A

(No)

41
Q

(T/F) Mycobacterium spp. infections in fish are not associated with tuberculous disease and therefore are not zoonotic to people.

A

(F, they are not associated with tuberculous disease but they are still zoonotic and cause cutaneous papulopustular to nodular disease aka fish handler’s disease)

42
Q

Are Mycobacterium spp. infections of fish associated with an acute or chronic (choose) progressive, multisystemic disease?

A

(Chronic)

43
Q

Are Mycobacterium spp. infections of fish associated with a high or lower mortality?

A

(Low)

44
Q

What is the causative agent of white spot disease that infects all freshwater finfish through the skin and gills and that has a direct life cycle?

A

(Ichthyophthirius multifiliis)

45
Q

What is the causative agent of the marine version of white spot disease and what is the main difference between them?

A

(Cryptocaryon irritans, main difference is Cryptocaryon irritans does not have a C-shaped nucleus like Ichthyophthirius multifiliis otherwise similar disease/life cycle/etc.)

46
Q

What tissue tropism does the myxosporidean parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, which causes whirling disease and black-tail in older salmonids and mortality in young salmonids, have?

A

(Cartilaginous tissues of the skeleton and gills)

47
Q

Henneguya ictaluri, a myxosporidean parasite, causes an inflammatory reaction of the epithelium where on a fish?

A

(The gills, causes proliferative or hamburger gill disease)

48
Q

What is the causative agent of boil or tapioca disease which is characterized by white cysts in the musculature of salmonids?

A

(Henneguya salminicola)

49
Q

What are the three generic disease names associated with larval digenetic trematode infections of fish?

A

(Yellow grub, black spot, and eye flukes)

50
Q

What type of arthropod parasite are Argulus spp. and Lepeophthrius spp.?

A

(Fish lice)

51
Q

Fungal diseases of fish are generally secondary, opportunistic invaders associated with what two scenarios?

A

(Poor water quality and/or trauma)

52
Q

(T/F) You can use histopathology to determine if a fish was affected by ammonia, nitrite, or nitrate toxicity.

A

(F, histopath cannot differentiate between those three toxicities, you need water quality parameters for this)

53
Q

What are the sequela of low concentration nitrogenous waste toxicity? Two answers.

A

(Low concentrations → chronic stress and branchial hyperplasia of the gills; high concentrations → acute death)

54
Q

What type of disease results from infection with the vesivirus identical to Vesicular Exanthema of Swine, San Miguel Sea Lion virus?

A

(Vesicular disease)

55
Q

How do humans typically get Vibrio spp. infections from fish?

A

(Via puncture wounds)

56
Q

What is the gram-negative bacterial disease of primarily catfish that humans can get via puncture wounds and that results in necrotic skin lesions, gastroenteritis, and meningitis?

A

(Edwardsiella tarda)

57
Q

Why are Mycobacterium spp. infections acquired from fish usually limited to the extremities?

A

(Because fish mycobacterium prefer cooler temperatures of which we have at our extremities)

58
Q

What type of fishes do humans most commonly obtain Nocardia spp. infections?

A

(Tropical fish)

59
Q

How is Anisakiasis transmitted to humans?

A

(Humans consuming raw or undercooked fish)

Healthy Pop Exam 3 (7 decks)

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