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AP World History > APWH midterm review > Flashcards

APWH midterm review Flashcards

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1
Q

Mesopotamia

A

“The land between two rivers”

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2
Q

Hammurabi

A

centralized bureaucracy
capital made at Babylon
Law Code: law of retribution and importance of social status (Reinforced patriarchy. women veiling)
downfall of empire: Hittite assault

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3
Q

New Babylonian Empire

A

Nebuchadnezzar : wealth shown from hanging gardens

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4
Q

Sumer

A

south

major increase in population

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5
Q

Northern Mesopotamia

A

Assyrians

powerful army: professional officers based off of merit, chariots, archers, iron weapons

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6
Q

Economy and Trade

A

Bronze, Iron, Wheels, Shipbuilding, cuneiform writing

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7
Q

Significance of Phoenicians

A

Early alphabet

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8
Q

Significance Indo Europeans

A

horses with chariots and iron metallurgy

Egypt

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9
Q

Egypt/Nubia

A

“Gift of the Nile”
Egypt is the lower third of the Nile
Egypt: Large and prosperous state by 3100BCE
Pharaoh: absolute ruler who owns all the land
social stratification: peasants and slaves (agriculture), pharaoh. professional, military, and administrators.

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10
Q

India

A

Harappan Society by the Indus river (N.India): “Gift of the Indus”
Little formation on it’s early development: Under silt deposits, Water table rose considerably, Language not deciphered yet
Harappa and Mohenjo - Daro = major cities

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11
Q

Aryans

A

Indo Europeans settle heavy on a pastoral economy
“the noble people” and “the wheaten people”
The vedic age
Lot’s of fighting between indigenous Indians (aka Dasas) and Aryans
By 500 BCE, they lost tribal organization and established regional kingdoms

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12
Q

China (Xia Dynasty)

A

Yellow river = good soil to cultivate (“China’s suffering” = extensive flooding)
Still in beginning of archaeological findings

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13
Q

China (Shang Dynasty)

A

Bronze metallurgy
rose in the Yellow River Valley
Horses and Chariots (originated from Indo-European migrants when they came to China)
Lavish tombs = Ancestor Veneration
Walled towns
Became experts in the production of pottery and Silk
limited contact with the outside world

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14
Q

China (Zhou Dynasty)

A

“Mandate of Heaven” = gave leaders the right to rule (“Son of Heaven”)
Feudalism
Nobles were given power over smaller regions of the empire
the POWS and the increasing power of the regional rulers and nomadic invasions = weakening of dynasty

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15
Q

Chinese Society

A 
Merchants = important
Mostly landless peasants
slaves were POW
Ancestor veneration and patriarchy = extremely important
Women's value decreased after Shang
Impersonal heavenly power = tian
Oracle bones = fortune tellers
Writing: pictograph --> Ideograph
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16
Q

Classical Chna (Zhou)

A

big dynasty = decentralization
introduced the use of iron in weapons and other technologies
Feudalism

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17
Q

Classical China (Qin)

A

Western China
Legalistic approach
First emperor = Shihuangdi = finished the Great Wall, burned of books and scholars (minus agricultural books), centralized and standardized state, death (Terra Cotta Soldiers)

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18
Q

Classical China (Han)

A

Liu Bang = persistent and methodical - restored order
Han Wudi = the martial emperor = emphasized centralization and expansion
Confucian educational system for bureaucrats
Great imperial expansion
Population Growth = 20 million to 60 million
Reign of Wang Mang = land redistribution by the “Socialist emperor”

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19
Q

Classical China (Later Han)

A

Yellow Turban Uprising: revolt due to problems of land distribution
fractions at court paralyzed the central government
Han collapse = China divided into regional kingdoms

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20
Q

India (Mauryan Empire)

Chandragupta Maurya

A

Magadha kingdom filled power vacuum left by withdrawal of Alexander of Macedon
Chandragupta Maurya began conquest
founded Maurya Dynasty = Arthashastra outlined administrative methods

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21
Q

India (Mauryan Empire)

Ashoka Maurya

A

Peak of empire
conquered the kingdom of kalinga
ruled through tightly organized bureaucracy
policies were written on rocks of pillars
empire declined after his death due to financial problems

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22
Q

India (Gupta Empire)

A

Founded by Chandra Gupta
Smaller and more decentralized than Maurya
Invasion of White Huns weakened the empire
After the 5th century CE, Gupta empire continued in name

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23
Q

North India (after imperial eras)

A

split into small regional states that fought constantly: Turkish speaking Nomads cross the Khyber pass and become absorbed into Indian Society, including caste system
Harsha: King Harsha briefly unified India under Imperial rule, generous, scholarly, and buddhist
Local rulers had too strong of a hold on their kingdoms; Harsha could not manage
Empire dissolved upon his assassination

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24
Q

Southern India (after imperial eras)

A

Chola Kingdom: Allowed autonomy for small local states which provided taxes that werre paid on time and created a good enforcement of laws
Hindu temples became main economic social centers; allowed peasants to farm on land, lent money, and stored grain in case of famine
Kingdom of Vijayanagar: located in the northern part of S.India: two brothers from Delhi renounced Islam and created their own Hindu state

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25
Q

Persia

A

Rise and expansion:
Medes and Persians from central Asia came to Persia before 1000 BCE
Cyrus the Achaemenid was the first ruler and had an empire from India to borders of Egypt
His son, Cambyses conquered Egypt
Darius was the biggest expansionist (Population = 35 million)

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26
Q

Persian Imperial Government

A

23 Satrapies - Persian governor appointed by central government
power checked by military officials and “imperial spies”
Local governors appointed from local population

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27
Q

Persian economy and society

A

Standardization of coins and laws

Royal road and post offices = communication

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28
Q

Persian Decline and fall

A

Persian wars

Alexander of Macedon invaded Persia and burned down the capital, Persopolis

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29
Q

Importance of Achaemenids

A

Cyrus the Achaemenid launched Persian imperial venture
Cyrus’s son (cambyses) = brought in Egypt
Darius = greatest persian ruler (administrator > conqueror)
The Satrapies = governors by Persian government to oversee certain regions
Built roads to integrate
Decline: difficulties between ruler and subject, Persian Wars (Ionian Greeks and Persians)

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30
Q

Importance of Seleucids

A

Achaemenid way of administration and taxation
foreigners who faced resentment from native persians
satraps revolted against Seleucid rule
Roman conquerors ended the empire

31
Q

Importance of Parthians

A

Iran to Mesopotamia
retained customs of nomadic people from steppes of Central asia
no centralized government = federation of leaders
agriculture heavy
hated the seleucids
achaemenid forms of government (not as centralized though
internal rebellion brought it down

32
Q

Importance of Sasanids

A

Imperial rule continued again
taken over by Islam in the end
Persian legacy couldn’t be diminished because of strong administration techinques

33
Q

Greece

A

The Polis: Greek city state = lack of centralized state / empire
Urban character and took on control of surrounding region
Mostly were collective rule of local notables ruling as oligarchs
Tyrant = how they got to power, not their policies

34
Q

Athens VS. Sparta

A

Sparta = Helots (Servants of spartan state)
very strict and ascetic lifestyle
Distinction not by social status but by military talent
Athens: democratic principal government, only free adult males had a place in the government. very prosperous because of maritime trade, by all money went to aristocratic land owners, solon became mediator between poor and rich, pericles was pro common classes and supported building programs, most sophisticated, women had very few rights

35
Q

Alexander of Macedon

A

Son of Philip of Macedon
brought all of Greece under his control
Brilliant strategist and inspired leader
inherited a powerful and developed army
Control of persia in 330 BCE
got to Punjab India but his army wouldnt go further
He died an early death: everything could be different if he hadn’t died so young, left no heir to the throne so it was split between his generals

36
Q

Hellenistic empires

A

Alexander’s empire divided into three large states
Antigonid took Greece and macedon: Local poleis struck deals with antigonids and said they would recognize their rule for tax relief
Lots of trade passed through = prosperous
Ptolemy took Egypt: wealthiest, did not interfere with Egyptian life, had royal monopolies in profitable industries
Seleucus took largest part (former Achaemenid empire): Greek influence reached its largest extent, lots of cities

37
Q

Hellenistic economy

A

Trade:Olives, grapes, sheep, oil, wine, and wool

led to Mediterranean basin: organized for trade economy: shipowners, money, lenders, and merchants formed partnerships

38
Q

Hellenistic society

A

Patriarchal
women wore veils
women could be priestesses
Sparta allowed for women to participate in athletic events and even fight to protect poleis
men = family heads
slavery = debt slaves, slave markets at port cities, considered private property

39
Q

Hellenistic culture

A

Drama: tragic: subtle reflections on complicated themes OR comic: ridiculing foibles of public figures

40
Q

Hellenistic Philosophy

A

Socrates: “the unexamined life is not worth living,” personal integrity > praises, condemned to death for corrupting Athens’ youth
Plato: forms or ideals, world we lived in is not a real world, just a reflection, wrote down in REPUBLIC
Aristotle: reason, taught Alexander

41
Q

Roman Origins

A

Remus and Romulus: raised by a she wolf
Romulus found rome
Scholars say that Indo Europeans settled on the peninsula.
mostly sheepherders
etruscans from Anatolia dominated the peninsula
when they left, Rome was in a powerful position

42
Q

Rome development of Republic

A

Founded in 8th century as a small city state ruled by a king
Rome is on the TIber River
In the late 6th centure BCE, aristocrats took over and got rid of king and created a Republic
Republic = government where delegates represent their constituents interests
Forum = civil and political center in a city
constitution broke up power into two consuls (military and civil)
patricians = wealthy aristocrats
Plebians = poor people
Plebians got upset that there was nobody representing them.
10 tribunes made: Officials that the Plebians could elect who could veto things they thought were unfair
During a time of crisis, a “dictator” would be elected
About how he got to power, not that he was a bad leader

43
Q

Rome expansion

A

Gained control by military and were nice to the people they conquered.
exempted from taxes
governed their own internal affairs
had to provide rome with soldiers
Got italy under their control and eventually Carthage

Punic Wars = fight to siege Carthage
Finally won and burned down city, made people slaves

44
Q

Problem 1 caused by expansion

A

Land distribution: land would go to the rich and make Latifundia (large plantations) and poor farmers would have to sell their land. –> Gracchi Brothers tried to redistribute land more equally which threatened the rich. Brothers were assassinated.
Showed that the Constitution was not working.

45
Q

Problem 2 caused by expansion

A

Reforms

10 tribunes made

46
Q

Problem 3 caused by expansion

A

End of Republic
Maurius (pro land redistribution) and Sulla (Pro rich) got into a civil war
Sulla seized Rome and became a brutal dictator and he made a list of all his enemies and required they be killed
Poverty (especially to Rome) began to disintegrate empires

47
Q

Julius Caesar

A

Marius’ nephew who escaped Sulla’s list due to his young age
active in politics
sponsored gladiator battles which made him popular
seized Gaul from Rome (making him even more popular)
Centralized military and govt
redistributed land
huge public works projects to give work to poor
eventually was assassined which brought 13 ys of civil distraught

48
Q

Octavian and his reforms

A

Octavian (Julius’s nephew) beat Cleopatra and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium
Senate gave him the title of “Augustus”
ruled as a monarchy disguised as a republic: had military completely loyal to him, didn’t alienate the wealthy, only put people loyal to him in government positions.

set the foundations for Rome to be an empire
Rome expanded to include SE Europe, N Africa, Egypt, and Parts of Asia (Anatolia)

49
Q

Pax Romana

A

Time of peace

Helped promote trade

50
Q

Roman Roads

A

Twelve Tables : civil law system

51
Q

“Good emperors”

A

Constantine: edict of tolerance

52
Q

Roman Decline (internal issues):

A

internal issues
Barrack emperors: generals who seized power, held it briefly, and then lost it
sheer size of empire: too big.
Diocletian tried to solve this by dividing the empire into two: east (wealthy lands) a coemperor ruled each district
The four coemperors started a power struggle (tetrarchs)
Constantine claimed sole emperor and had new capital of constantinople built
Edict of Milan: made christianity the religion

53
Q

Roman Decline (external issues):

A

Germanic visigoths migrated and Rome kept them as buffer people
Huns under Attila attacked Europe mid fifth century
the German people were pressured by Huns and fled into Rome

54
Q

Roman Fall

A

No single reason for the fall
Germanic general Odovacer deposed the Roman emperor
Imperial authority survived in the eastern half of the empire

55
Q

Han and Roman empire similarities

A

BOTH: built roads, vigorous trade, imperial rule, patriarchal, expansion, decline by internal political problems.

56
Q

Exchanges along the Silk Roads

A

extensive network of trade routes that linked Eurasia and N. Africa , China to Roman empire
Spread of religions: Buddhism spread out of India by merchants who landed up in oasis towns (depended on foreign money so they could build monasteries)
Most prominent religion of Silk Roads
Spread to steppes and to china

Epidemic diseases: small pox and measels
Roman population decreased 25%

57
Q

Post - Classical Byzantium

A

eastern half of Roman empire
Unique features: lover of arts and culture
made churches and building projects
used mosaics
Caesaropapsm: emperor ruled as secular lord and played role in religion (divine favor, complete authority in political, military, judicial, financial, and religious matters)

58
Q

Byzantine court

A

Emperors dressed magnificently
High officials presented themselves as slaves to emperors

Law: Justinian Law (A codification of Roman Law that kept ancient Roman legal principals alive)

Revival of the theme system

59
Q

Byzantine economy

A

rural economy: strongest when supported by free class peasants
theme system
land available to those who performed military services
long term: wealthy land owners built large estates

60
Q

Byzantine industry

A

home to artisans and craftsmen
linen and woolen textiles, glass ware, gems, jewelry, gold and silver, SILK

became principal supplier of fashionable fabric to the mediterranean

61
Q

TRADE

A

direct commercial links with central Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, N.Europe, lands of Black sea and Med, Islam
gold coin as standard currency (bezant)
control of trade: duties
banks: often performed partnerships with merchants

62
Q

Byzantine Urban Life

A

no rival cities
aristocrats had palaces
attractions: baths, games and entertainment, theater, chariot racing, religion

63
Q

Byzantine Church

A 
Orthodox Christianity
Extremely close relationship with imperial government
treated as department of the state
iconoclasm: "breaking of the icons" 
emperor leo III found paintings
many observed asceticism

monasteries formed around asceticism: Mt.Athos: 1 of the most famous monasteries
tensions between East and West disagreed on iconoclasm: ritual, doctrinal, theological teaching differences
Influence in E. Europe

64
Q

Byzantine and Slavic People

A

entered into political, cultural, and commercial relations
Byzantine sent missionaries to Balkan lands, developed Cyrillic alphabet for illiterate Slavs
new language increased conversion to orthodox church

65
Q

Byzantine and Russia

A

Prince of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity
Cyrillic writings spread through Russia
Byzantine art spread through Kiev and Russia
formed Russian Orthodox Church to distinguish themselves
took inspiration from Byzantine law code
claimed to inherit mantle of Byzantine

66
Q

Islam Expansion

A

reasons: simplicity of Islamic belief, exhaustion of Byzantine and Sasanid empires, Merchants helped spread Islam to S.E Asia
Conquests began after Muhammad’s death
Byzantine, Syria, Palestine and most of Mesopotamia from Sasanids
640s Byzantine Egypt and North Africa
651 Sasanid empire toppled, Persia incorporated into empire
711 - 718 Conquered Hindu Kingdom of Sind (NW India), NW Africa, Strait of Gibraltar, most of Iberian Peninsula

67
Q

Islamic Problems with Expansion

A

Problems with administration
selection of caliphs
Shia VS Sunni
Dar al - Islam

68
Q

Dar al-Islam

A

“House of Islam” - lands under Islam rule

69
Q

Umayyad Dynasty

A

rulers as conquerors
reflected interests of arab military aristocrats
policy toward conquered people: allowed to practice own religion but with taxes (Jizya), converts and non-converts both did not have access to wealth or authority, early eighth century: caliphs began living too luxuriously –> people unsatisfied
Umayyad Dynasty falls

70
Q

Abbasid Dynasty

A 
More cosmopolitan than umayyad
centralized government and bureaucracy
included non-Muslims in the government 
very tolerant
focused on consolidation
worked on infrastructure
71
Q

economic impact on Dar al-Islam

A

Banks develop
investments
loans
SAKK (similar to “flying cash”)

72
Q

Agricultural impact on Dar al-Islam

A

spread of food and industrial crops from different parts of Dar al-Islam
sugarcane, rice, sorghum, and wheat
fruits and vegetables
industrial crops: cotton, indigo, henna
Increased food supply
encouraged agricultural experimentation: resulted in agricultural manuals

73
Q

Urban growth within the Dar al-Islam

A

increased agricultural production –> movement to cities
new industry : paper manufacturing
trade
commercial cities allowed Muslim merchants to trade along revived silk roads
Silk roads good for military movement and merchants and missionaries
Naval technology: chinese compass, lateen sail, astroblade

74
Q

Social impact on Dar al-Islam

A

women: patriarchal society
quran enhanced security
veiling of women
cultural unity brought by cicil and criminal law in sharia
ulama and quadis and missionaries helped bridge cultural differences
formal education promoted Islamic values
madrasas
sufiis, missionaries
allowed for flexibility in Islamic religion
Ka’ba at Mecca : symbol of cultural unity
Abassid caliphs enabled visitations to Mecca (Hajj)
Built inns along roads
pilgrims visited Mecca, learned and helped spread Islam

AP World History (7 decks)

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