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AP World History > AP World History : The foundations of Christian Society in W.Europe / High Middle Ages > Flashcards

AP World History : The foundations of Christian Society in W.Europe / High Middle Ages Flashcards

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1
Q

The Mideval era

A

“The middle ages”
after classical period
before modern era

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2
Q

the medieval era time period

A

high middle ages 1000-1500ce (HMA)

early middle ages 500-1000ce (EMA)

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3
Q

EMA period of recovery

A

germanic invasions
de-population
collapse of roman empire

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4
Q

EMA was not

A

NOT a powerful imperial structure : Abbassids, Tang, Song

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5
Q

EMA was more like

A

More like India (politically disunified, occupied by regional states)

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6
Q

EMA was unlike

A

unlike India, China, Dar al-Islam: no hemispheric communication
no hemispheric exchange

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7
Q

EMA political society

A

not centralized imperial rule

decentralized system: regional rulers, local authorities

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8
Q

EMA economic society

A

no urban industrial society, agricultural society (more agricultural / land production)
basis for trade and development

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9
Q

EMA cultural society

A

Roman Christianity: principal source of cultural authority

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10
Q

EMA GERMANIC STATES

A

displaced roman authority and institutions
replaced with germanic institutions
incorporated Roman influences: Roman law, Titles and structures, Christianity

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11
Q

Franks

A

most influential germanic tribe
temporarily reestablished imperial rule
shifted focus from Mediterranean to N.Europe

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12
Q

Clovis (481 - 511)

A

Frankish King
united the franks into a single kingdom
converted to Roman Christianity: won support of population, alliance with pope and hierarchy
founder of merovingian dynasty

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13
Q

Merovingian monarchs

A

after clovis, kingdom divided
“the do nothing kings”
mayor of the palace - major domo
real power, hereditary position: Carolingians

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14
Q

Charles (The Hammer) Martel (688-741)

A 
Mayor of the palace (718-741)
Met the threat of the moors
created a cavalry (battle horses) for the frankish army
-professional soldiers
-mounted soldiers (1st knight)
-land in return for military service
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15
Q

Charles Martel battle of tours 732

A

defeated the moors
stopped Muslim advances into Europe
Preserved Christianity in Europe

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16
Q

Peppin the Short (714 - 768)

A

son of charles martel
king of franks (752-768)
took throne away from merovingian kings
new dynasty: carolingians
allied with pope: protected the pope and Rome from germanic tribes
gave pope land in Italy: pope became a political ruler, states of church until 1870

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17
Q

Charlemagne (742-814; reign 800-814)

A

created a large empire

spread of roman christianity

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18
Q

Charlemagne reforms

A

organized systems of governemt: counts and counties, systems of supervision: missi dominici (envois of the lord)
revived economy: trade, manufacturing
began schools: local schools, palace schools: imported scholars from Europe trained government officials
carolingian miniscule: systems of writing

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19
Q

Charlemagne christmas day

A

crowned roman emperor by pope leo III
established holy roman empire
son: louis the pious

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20
Q

EMS organization

A

Ruling elites: Nobles
military and politically strong men (maintain law and order / protection)
nominal allegiance to an often nebulous higher authority
acted with increasing independence
functions: taxation, defense, justice, local govt.
“Retainers” - private armies, land in return for military service, land and labor = income (horses, weapons, and armor), hereditary role

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21
Q

Serfs and manors

A

importance: source of agricultural success

necessary for maintenance of the system

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22
Q

serfs

A

evolved from free peasants and slaves
non free agricultural labor
bound to the land
Rights: access to land, inheritance rights
obligations: labor services, rents/fees, bound to land

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23
Q

manors

A

basic form of agricultural organization

serf-sufficient communities

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24
Q

role of the lord

A

administration
supervision
justice

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25
Q

by 10th century

A

political stability restored
ecnomic revival
renewed european participation in E.Hemisphere

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26
Q

Agricultural surplus

A

Heavy plows
beginning of Great Clearing
Watermills: grind grains, freed human/animal labor
supports elites but it isn’t enough to support cities / large populations.

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27
Q

trade

A 
did not disappear
CONSTRICTED
local markets
maritime trade in Mediterranean
trade across religious lines: christians, muslims
role of Norse Merchants: Abbasids 
(silver in the baltic)
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28
Q

3 factors aiding the christianization of W.Europe

A

franks
papacy
monasteries

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29
Q

results of christianity

A

latin language

adherence to roman church

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30
Q

Clovis’ conversion

A

support of Roman Church Hierarchy
support of the Christian population of former Roman provinces
church provided franks with educated, literate individuals: record keeping, scribes, secretaries

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31
Q

Franks

A

protectors of Roman Church and Popes

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32
Q

Charlemagne and Christianization

Education

A 
school at Aachen (similar to Nalanda) - a university
most important christian scholars
copied bibles and latin literature
taught christian literature
monastic schools
parish schools
results: literacy in latin, Christian doctrine, outpouring of literature.
aka "carolingian renaissance"
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33
Q

Charlemagne and christianization

christianization

A

mostle forceful: saxons
encouraged missionary activity
pockets of pagans remained
1000 christianity= major religion

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34
Q

The Papacy (development)

A

After 476: cooperation with Byzantine emperors
later more independent actions
1054 split between Eastern and Western Christianity
popes followed their own course
strong popes

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35
Q

Gregory 1 (530-604)

A

Lombard treat
papal primacy: pope = ultimate authority in church, theology = sacrament of penance
missionary activity aimed at kings and ruling elites

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36
Q

Later pope continued…

A

Gregory’s emphasis on missionary activity

37
Q

Monasticism

A

Early monasticism: desert fathers / mothers
variety of approaches
extreme asceticism
loose affiliations

38
Q

Benedict of Nursia

A 
Benedictine rule
a moderate approach
no severe asceticism
direction / structure
"ora et labore" : prayer 8x a day - opus dei
meditation
productive work
39
Q

scholastica

A

benedictine rule for women

40
Q

after 700 most monasteries follow…

A

benedictine rule

41
Q

major influence on

A

later western monasticism

42
Q

Role of monasteries / monks: civilizing effect

A

agriculture: supervision, technology, innovation
education: elementary and higher education ~education for women
social services: health cares, social welfare agency
libraries
scriptorium
record keepers / secretaries for ruling elites

43
Q

High Middle ages (HMS) 1000-1350

A

time of tremendous intellectual and artistic vitality

44
Q

HMS Characteristics

A

growth of educational institutions: universities
quickening philosophical and theological thought: scholasticism
revival of roman law
rebirth of interest in classical culture
development of vernacular languages and lit.
burst of activity in art and architecture: cathedral (romanesque, gothic)
an increased important role for cities and courts

45
Q

HMS rise of national monarchies

A

taxation, bureaucracies, legal systems (laws/courts)

armies

46
Q

Creation of regional states

A

europeans dreamed of a centralized christian european state / empire
Holy roman empire: and attempt but not reality, a german kingdom with influences: independence of German princes, involvement of italy— result: a disjointed state
Expansion opposed: Popes/ other european rulers
regional monarchies emerged: england, france, spain
Imperial Papal rivalry kept from achieving a centralized state

47
Q

Holy roman empire (HRE)

A

Otto 1 crowned by pope

48
Q

HREHREHREHRE

A

title of hre = prestige
attempts to form a hegemonic state
imperial papal conflicts thwarted the attempts
conflicts with Papacy: neither able to dominate the other

49
Q

Investiture controversy

A

Pope Gregory VII vs Henry IV
Gregory won
papal inventions in German affairs increased independence of german princes
diminished imperial authority

50
Q

FRANCE

A

Hugh Capet elected King
capetian kings created a patchwork quilt france
war
diplomacy
marriage
14th century: a centralized state with limitations

51
Q

ENGLAND

A

Normandy: Viking in nature, nominally subject to capetians but remained a tightly centralized state
little regard for nobles
all land owned by duke
retains right to grant land

52
Q

England (1066)

A

Norman conqueror: WIlliam the conqueror
tightly controlled state dominated by king
centralization:taxation, justice
limited by involvement in french affairs

53
Q

Italy

A

Political salad bowl: ecclesiastical state (political leadership under a pope or member of clergy)
city states
principalities
papal leadership: sometimes control
importance of trade among N. City States
S.Italy: foreign domination: muslims, normans, spanish.

54
Q

Spain

A

Muslim control
spanish christian national status
muslim toehold on granada

55
Q

HMS the great warm up

A

after 800
perfect weather
ends about 1300

56
Q

HMS the great clearing

A

population pressure
population growth and need for food = expansion of arable land, forest cleared, swamps drained, irrigation, terrace farming
marginal lands brought under cultivation: population growth, increased labor

57
Q

HMS Agricultural technology

A

MONKS AND MONASTERIES
New crops/ improved live stock
better cycles of crop rotation
increased fertility: bean/ legume cultivation, manure
expanded the use of heavy plows and watermills
horse collar and horse shoe

58
Q

Improved diet and nutrition —>

A

population explosion –> trade / urbanization

59
Q

Guilds were similar to

A

JATI

merchants and artisans

60
Q

Urbanization

A

revival of old roman cities: London & Paris
new cities: N.Italy, Flanders (Netherlands, N.Europe)
diverse society: serfs, free peasants, nobles
government: sought freedom from nobles, charters, town councils ( often dominated by nobles, law&order, defense, taxation.)

61
Q

Hanseanatic league

A 
Baltic region
trade union of cities
almost a state
diplomats, military, taxes
links: river system, Mediterranean basin
62
Q

Guild functions

A 
regulated production
limited regulation of competition
regulated price
quality control
training and education
63
Q

Guild social role

A

socialization

social welfare of membership

64
Q

guilds lacked the

A

judicial role of the jati

65
Q

HMS importance of roman christianity

A

social role: rites of passage
art/ architecture, lit., music
synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and christianity
growth of popular religion

66
Q

The Church as an educating force

Carolingian mandate

A

monasteries, cathedral schools: training of priests

palace schools: training of elites

67
Q

After 800 = no formal education

A

Monastic schools

ruling elites: scholars at court, tutors for sons

68
Q

No course of study except

A

bible

church of fathers

69
Q

HMS Cathedral schools

A 
formal curriculum: liberal arts
literature
philosophy
history
rhetoric (sophists)

LATIN

70
Q

expansion of cathedral schools

A

admission of lay students

specialization: law, theology, med.

71
Q

Universities

A

guild system: academic, student, faculty
evolved into universities
charters

72
Q

Scholasticism

A

great intellectual achievement

a synthesis: Aristotelian reliance on observation and reson, concept of faith.

73
Q

St. Thomas Aquinas

A

“the Dumb ox”
attemped to reconcile faith and reason
taught the possibility to prove the existence of god
SUMMA THEOLOGICA

74
Q

Popular religion

A 
Theology vs. Feeling
sacraments: trites, most popular: eucharists (mass)
veneration of saints
cult of virgin mary
relics (stupas)
pilgrimages
75
Q

Cathedral construction

A

romanesque: 6-10 centuries
barrel vaults
thick walls
small windows

76
Q

gothic cathedrals

A 
12-16 century
pointed arches
tall windows / light
flying buttresses
spires
77
Q

technology from _________ via _______

A

dar al islam

spain

78
Q

Monastic reforms:

A

reason: loss of rigor, acquisition of wealth

benedictine reforms: clunaic reforms, bernard of clair vaux (christians)

79
Q

Causes of expansion

A

creation of powerful regional states
economic developments
population growth
desire to spread Christianity: Pagan/Islam

80
Q

Atlantic, Baltic, and mediterranean regions

A

scandinavians: greenland, ireland, N.America
Baltic Basin: Teutonic knights, christianization
Mediterranean: sicily, Spain (reconquista)

81
Q

Reasons for the crusades

A

The Holy land: Palestine
homeland of Jesus
gods taken from muslims in E.Asian Empire
after 4th century, pilgrimages
toleration for Christians living and visiting palestine

82
Q

seljuk turks

A

from central asia, converts to islam
expansion: Afghanistan, middle east, e.roman empire at manzekert
syria, palestine, asia minor lost

83
Q

End of pilgrimages toleration in palestine

A

mistreatment of christians living and visiting palestine

pilgrimages end

84
Q

RESULTS

A

military : failure

new military tech: cross bow, carrier pigeons, greekfire, siege weapons, gunpowder

85
Q

political results

A

increased power of monarchs

decreased power of feudal lords

86
Q

economic results

A

increased trade
demand for money
dominance of italian cities (florence, venice, Genoa)
revival of towns
demand for eastern goods: silk/cotton cloths, spices / perfumes, citrus fruits, sugar

87
Q

social results

A

status of women changed
new ideas from contact with the east
revival of urban life

88
Q

Religious result

A

at first, increased power of papcy
persecution of European Jews and muslims
attacks on heresy
later decline in papal power and prestige: failure of crusade
scandal of 4th crusade, increased authority of monarchs

89
Q

most important religious result

A

long term mutual distrust between christians, jews and muslims.

AP World History (7 decks)

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