AP World History : The foundations of Christian Society in W.Europe / High Middle Ages Flashcards
The Mideval era
“The middle ages”
after classical period
before modern era
the medieval era time period
high middle ages 1000-1500ce (HMA)
early middle ages 500-1000ce (EMA)
EMA period of recovery
germanic invasions
de-population
collapse of roman empire
EMA was not
NOT a powerful imperial structure : Abbassids, Tang, Song
EMA was more like
More like India (politically disunified, occupied by regional states)
EMA was unlike
unlike India, China, Dar al-Islam: no hemispheric communication
no hemispheric exchange
EMA political society
not centralized imperial rule
decentralized system: regional rulers, local authorities
EMA economic society
no urban industrial society, agricultural society (more agricultural / land production)
basis for trade and development
EMA cultural society
Roman Christianity: principal source of cultural authority
EMA GERMANIC STATES
displaced roman authority and institutions
replaced with germanic institutions
incorporated Roman influences: Roman law, Titles and structures, Christianity
Franks
most influential germanic tribe
temporarily reestablished imperial rule
shifted focus from Mediterranean to N.Europe
Clovis (481 - 511)
Frankish King
united the franks into a single kingdom
converted to Roman Christianity: won support of population, alliance with pope and hierarchy
founder of merovingian dynasty
Merovingian monarchs
after clovis, kingdom divided
“the do nothing kings”
mayor of the palace - major domo
real power, hereditary position: Carolingians
Charles (The Hammer) Martel (688-741)
Mayor of the palace (718-741) Met the threat of the moors created a cavalry (battle horses) for the frankish army -professional soldiers -mounted soldiers (1st knight) -land in return for military service
Charles Martel battle of tours 732
defeated the moors
stopped Muslim advances into Europe
Preserved Christianity in Europe
Peppin the Short (714 - 768)
son of charles martel
king of franks (752-768)
took throne away from merovingian kings
new dynasty: carolingians
allied with pope: protected the pope and Rome from germanic tribes
gave pope land in Italy: pope became a political ruler, states of church until 1870
Charlemagne (742-814; reign 800-814)
created a large empire
spread of roman christianity
Charlemagne reforms
organized systems of governemt: counts and counties, systems of supervision: missi dominici (envois of the lord)
revived economy: trade, manufacturing
began schools: local schools, palace schools: imported scholars from Europe trained government officials
carolingian miniscule: systems of writing
Charlemagne christmas day
crowned roman emperor by pope leo III
established holy roman empire
son: louis the pious
EMS organization
Ruling elites: Nobles
military and politically strong men (maintain law and order / protection)
nominal allegiance to an often nebulous higher authority
acted with increasing independence
functions: taxation, defense, justice, local govt.
“Retainers” - private armies, land in return for military service, land and labor = income (horses, weapons, and armor), hereditary role
Serfs and manors
importance: source of agricultural success
necessary for maintenance of the system
serfs
evolved from free peasants and slaves
non free agricultural labor
bound to the land
Rights: access to land, inheritance rights
obligations: labor services, rents/fees, bound to land
manors
basic form of agricultural organization
serf-sufficient communities
role of the lord
administration
supervision
justice
by 10th century
political stability restored
ecnomic revival
renewed european participation in E.Hemisphere
Agricultural surplus
Heavy plows
beginning of Great Clearing
Watermills: grind grains, freed human/animal labor
supports elites but it isn’t enough to support cities / large populations.
trade
did not disappear CONSTRICTED local markets maritime trade in Mediterranean trade across religious lines: christians, muslims role of Norse Merchants: Abbasids (silver in the baltic)
3 factors aiding the christianization of W.Europe
franks
papacy
monasteries
results of christianity
latin language
adherence to roman church
Clovis’ conversion
support of Roman Church Hierarchy
support of the Christian population of former Roman provinces
church provided franks with educated, literate individuals: record keeping, scribes, secretaries
Franks
protectors of Roman Church and Popes
Charlemagne and Christianization
Education
school at Aachen (similar to Nalanda) - a university most important christian scholars copied bibles and latin literature taught christian literature monastic schools parish schools results: literacy in latin, Christian doctrine, outpouring of literature. aka "carolingian renaissance"
Charlemagne and christianization
christianization
mostle forceful: saxons
encouraged missionary activity
pockets of pagans remained
1000 christianity= major religion
The Papacy (development)
After 476: cooperation with Byzantine emperors
later more independent actions
1054 split between Eastern and Western Christianity
popes followed their own course
strong popes
Gregory 1 (530-604)
Lombard treat
papal primacy: pope = ultimate authority in church, theology = sacrament of penance
missionary activity aimed at kings and ruling elites
Later pope continued…
Gregory’s emphasis on missionary activity
Monasticism
Early monasticism: desert fathers / mothers
variety of approaches
extreme asceticism
loose affiliations
Benedict of Nursia
Benedictine rule a moderate approach no severe asceticism direction / structure "ora et labore" : prayer 8x a day - opus dei meditation productive work
scholastica
benedictine rule for women
after 700 most monasteries follow…
benedictine rule
major influence on
later western monasticism
Role of monasteries / monks: civilizing effect
agriculture: supervision, technology, innovation
education: elementary and higher education ~education for women
social services: health cares, social welfare agency
libraries
scriptorium
record keepers / secretaries for ruling elites
High Middle ages (HMS) 1000-1350
time of tremendous intellectual and artistic vitality
HMS Characteristics
growth of educational institutions: universities
quickening philosophical and theological thought: scholasticism
revival of roman law
rebirth of interest in classical culture
development of vernacular languages and lit.
burst of activity in art and architecture: cathedral (romanesque, gothic)
an increased important role for cities and courts
HMS rise of national monarchies
taxation, bureaucracies, legal systems (laws/courts)
armies
Creation of regional states
europeans dreamed of a centralized christian european state / empire
Holy roman empire: and attempt but not reality, a german kingdom with influences: independence of German princes, involvement of italy— result: a disjointed state
Expansion opposed: Popes/ other european rulers
regional monarchies emerged: england, france, spain
Imperial Papal rivalry kept from achieving a centralized state
Holy roman empire (HRE)
Otto 1 crowned by pope
HREHREHREHRE
title of hre = prestige
attempts to form a hegemonic state
imperial papal conflicts thwarted the attempts
conflicts with Papacy: neither able to dominate the other
Investiture controversy
Pope Gregory VII vs Henry IV
Gregory won
papal inventions in German affairs increased independence of german princes
diminished imperial authority
FRANCE
Hugh Capet elected King
capetian kings created a patchwork quilt france
war
diplomacy
marriage
14th century: a centralized state with limitations
ENGLAND
Normandy: Viking in nature, nominally subject to capetians but remained a tightly centralized state
little regard for nobles
all land owned by duke
retains right to grant land
England (1066)
Norman conqueror: WIlliam the conqueror
tightly controlled state dominated by king
centralization:taxation, justice
limited by involvement in french affairs
Italy
Political salad bowl: ecclesiastical state (political leadership under a pope or member of clergy)
city states
principalities
papal leadership: sometimes control
importance of trade among N. City States
S.Italy: foreign domination: muslims, normans, spanish.
Spain
Muslim control
spanish christian national status
muslim toehold on granada
HMS the great warm up
after 800
perfect weather
ends about 1300
HMS the great clearing
population pressure
population growth and need for food = expansion of arable land, forest cleared, swamps drained, irrigation, terrace farming
marginal lands brought under cultivation: population growth, increased labor
HMS Agricultural technology
MONKS AND MONASTERIES
New crops/ improved live stock
better cycles of crop rotation
increased fertility: bean/ legume cultivation, manure
expanded the use of heavy plows and watermills
horse collar and horse shoe
Improved diet and nutrition —>
population explosion –> trade / urbanization
Guilds were similar to
JATI
merchants and artisans
Urbanization
revival of old roman cities: London & Paris
new cities: N.Italy, Flanders (Netherlands, N.Europe)
diverse society: serfs, free peasants, nobles
government: sought freedom from nobles, charters, town councils ( often dominated by nobles, law&order, defense, taxation.)
Hanseanatic league
Baltic region trade union of cities almost a state diplomats, military, taxes links: river system, Mediterranean basin
Guild functions
regulated production limited regulation of competition regulated price quality control training and education
Guild social role
socialization
social welfare of membership
guilds lacked the
judicial role of the jati
HMS importance of roman christianity
social role: rites of passage
art/ architecture, lit., music
synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and christianity
growth of popular religion
The Church as an educating force
Carolingian mandate
monasteries, cathedral schools: training of priests
palace schools: training of elites
After 800 = no formal education
Monastic schools
ruling elites: scholars at court, tutors for sons
No course of study except
bible
church of fathers
HMS Cathedral schools
formal curriculum: liberal arts literature philosophy history rhetoric (sophists)
LATIN
expansion of cathedral schools
admission of lay students
specialization: law, theology, med.
Universities
guild system: academic, student, faculty
evolved into universities
charters
Scholasticism
great intellectual achievement
a synthesis: Aristotelian reliance on observation and reson, concept of faith.
St. Thomas Aquinas
“the Dumb ox”
attemped to reconcile faith and reason
taught the possibility to prove the existence of god
SUMMA THEOLOGICA
Popular religion
Theology vs. Feeling sacraments: trites, most popular: eucharists (mass) veneration of saints cult of virgin mary relics (stupas) pilgrimages
Cathedral construction
romanesque: 6-10 centuries
barrel vaults
thick walls
small windows
gothic cathedrals
12-16 century pointed arches tall windows / light flying buttresses spires
technology from _________ via _______
dar al islam
spain
Monastic reforms:
reason: loss of rigor, acquisition of wealth
benedictine reforms: clunaic reforms, bernard of clair vaux (christians)
Causes of expansion
creation of powerful regional states
economic developments
population growth
desire to spread Christianity: Pagan/Islam
Atlantic, Baltic, and mediterranean regions
scandinavians: greenland, ireland, N.America
Baltic Basin: Teutonic knights, christianization
Mediterranean: sicily, Spain (reconquista)
Reasons for the crusades
The Holy land: Palestine
homeland of Jesus
gods taken from muslims in E.Asian Empire
after 4th century, pilgrimages
toleration for Christians living and visiting palestine
seljuk turks
from central asia, converts to islam
expansion: Afghanistan, middle east, e.roman empire at manzekert
syria, palestine, asia minor lost
End of pilgrimages toleration in palestine
mistreatment of christians living and visiting palestine
pilgrimages end
RESULTS
military : failure
new military tech: cross bow, carrier pigeons, greekfire, siege weapons, gunpowder
political results
increased power of monarchs
decreased power of feudal lords
economic results
increased trade
demand for money
dominance of italian cities (florence, venice, Genoa)
revival of towns
demand for eastern goods: silk/cotton cloths, spices / perfumes, citrus fruits, sugar
social results
status of women changed
new ideas from contact with the east
revival of urban life
Religious result
at first, increased power of papcy
persecution of European Jews and muslims
attacks on heresy
later decline in papal power and prestige: failure of crusade
scandal of 4th crusade, increased authority of monarchs
most important religious result
long term mutual distrust between christians, jews and muslims.
