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AP World History > AP world history: major belief systems > Flashcards

AP world history: major belief systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Confucianism

A

Period of warring states
Collapse of Zhou dynasty: political disintigration, social chaos

Search for restoration of order
Personal peace

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2
Q

Confucius

A 
Kong fuzi
Well educated
Illegitimate son of an aristocrat
Career goal : government administer : failed
Itinerate teacher
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3
Q

The analects

A

5 relationships: ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older sibling and younger sibling, friend and friend.

Filial piety: loyal to parents, filius (son) pius (duty), children must obey parents, children must care for the elderly, children must honor their parents after death.

Ren and Li: general benevolence, propriety and etiquette

If one incorporates all of this criteria, they can become a junti

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4
Q

Junti

A

Scholar gentleman
Superior man

Well educated
Well mannered
Respected ritual and ceremony
Honored traditions

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5
Q

Analects collaborated by:

A

Mencius: emphasis on ren, not very practical (too optimistic)
Xunzi: humans are selfish, strong discipline, emphasis on Li

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6
Q

Daoism

A

Also a response to the period of warring states
Reflection and introspection of natural principles
Harmony to society as a whole

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7
Q

Laozi

A

Daodejing: classic of the way and virtue

Zuangzi : compendium of Daoism philosophy

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8
Q

The dao

A

The way of nature, the way of the cosmos
An eternal principle governing all the working ps of the world
Passive and yeilding
Does nothing yet accomplishes everything
Ambition and activism only brought the world to chaos
Doctrine of wuwei
Advocated small self sufficient communities

Served as counterbalance to Confucian activism

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9
Q

The doctrine of wuwei

A

Disengagement from worldly affairs, simple life
Refrain from advanced education
Less government the better

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10
Q

Legalism

A

A response and solution to the turmoil of the period of warring state
Concerned itself only with the state

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11
Q

Shan yang

A

Ruthless emperor
Legalist
Policies survive in his book
Chief minister of the Qin and legalistic writer

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12
Q

Han feizi

A

Synthesized legalized ideas in essays
Student of xunzi
Organized views on statecraft
Part of Qin court

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13
Q

Legalistic doctrine

A

The states strength was in arpgriculture and military force
Discouraged commerce, education, and the arts
Harnessing self- interest of the people for the needs of the store
Big punishments for small crimes
Not popular, but worked and eliminated POWs

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14
Q

Jainism

A

Ahisma: Nonviolence: did not want to disturb settings

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15
Q

Monotheism characteristics

A 
1 God
Concept of history
Proof of historical founder
Revelation of truth
Authoritative message
Given time
Short and definitive scripture
Decisive statement : law, belief
Mystical poetry: psalms
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16
Q

Eastern religions

A

Cyclical reincarnation

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17
Q

Western religion

A

Start, moving to an end
Savior, messiah
Final judgement
Recreation of Heaven and Earth

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18
Q

Basic/ indigenous religion

A

Ancient
Native
Religious
Animism

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19
Q

Animism:

A

Every natural thing has a soul

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20
Q

Shaman

A

Witch doctor associated with polytheism

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21
Q

Aryans

A

The wheaten ones
Beliefs compiled in the Vedas
Indoeuropeans

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22
Q

Dravidians

A

Brown people
Kicked put by aryans
Indigenous people’s

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23
Q

Sanskrit

A

Vedas language

Holy language

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24
Q

Rig Vedas

A

Collection of hymns prayers, and magic spells

1028 hymns

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25
Q

World of the fathers

A

Samsara

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26
Q

Indra

A 
Chief God 
Loud
Fun loving
Warrior god
Monsoons and fertility of land
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27
Q

Varuna

A

Sky god
Oversaw human behavior
Maintained order

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28
Q

Upanishads

A

Commentaries on the Vedas

Written by sages and ascetics

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29
Q

Brahman

A

Unifying force of GE universe
Unchanging and eternal
Only one true reality of the universe

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30
Q

Atman

A

Individual should entering body at birth

Goal is to reunite with Brahman

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31
Q

Samsara

A

Dead –> world of fathers, return in reincarnation

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32
Q

Karma

A

Determines the conditions of reincarnation

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33
Q

Moksha

A

Completion of the cycle

34
Q

Yoga

A

Meditation and exercise

35
Q

Caste system

A

Hereditary; each caste was subject to different laws

36
Q

Varna

A

Individual castes

37
Q

Bhagavad Gita

A

Embodiment of drama

38
Q

Aretha

A

Honest prosperity

39
Q

Kama

A

Sexual pleasures

40
Q

Siddhartha Gautama

A

Buddha

Meditated for 49 days searching for enlightenment

41
Q

Nirvana

A

Moksha for normal people

42
Q

Theravada Buddhism

A

Lesser vehicle

South Asia

43
Q

Mahayana Buddhism

A

Viewed Buddha as a God

Religious

44
Q

Boddhisatvas

A

The saints

Attained nirvana but decided to stay on earth to help others

45
Q

Stupa

A

Buddhas belongings and body parts

46
Q

Asoka

A

Military ruler who converted to and spread Hinduism

47
Q

Yin and yang

A

Complementary forces to nature
Yin: female, dark, passive
Yang: male, light, active

48
Q

Monotheism

A

One god

49
Q

Eschatology

A

The sudy of the end times

50
Q

Zarathustra

A 
Indo aryan founder 
Pries in indo aryan tradition
Vision: became so Zoroaster 
     Received basic elements of religion, order to proclaim message to people
Message influenced: 
Judaism, Christianity, Islam 
All abrahamic religions
51
Q

Ahura Mazda

A

Good god
Only do good things and create good things
Paradise

52
Q

Ahriman

A

Evil god

53
Q

Zend Avesta

A

Scripture
2 Gathas: written by Zoroaster
Priests

54
Q

Ethical monotheism

A

Belief in one god
God is a righteous God
God reuqires righteous behaviors from humans

55
Q

Ethical world view

A

Everyone must lead a moral life
No one is above Gods laws
Respect for human life
Concern for others

56
Q

Prophets

A

11-5th century bce
Messengers of God
Reveal Gods will to people
Message: maintain monotheism, care for the less fortunate, disobediance is disorder.

57
Q

Torah

A

History
Law
5 books
Oral traditions
After Babylonian captivity, written in Hebrew
3rd century bce translated into Greek, Pentateuch

58
Q

Abraham

A 
Originally abram
Worshipped one god
Many descendants
Land in the west
Descendants: 12 tribes, Jacob who led the tribes to Canaan, renewed covenant, and went through the name change, Jacob to Israel
12 tribes of Israel
59
Q

Moses

A

1700 bce
Migration of Egypt
Hyksos
1500 enslavement of Hebrews
1300 departure from Egypt: exodus
Ten Commandments: renewed covenant. Basic law of Hebrews
1200 return to Canaan, conquest, opposition, Canaanites, Hebrews–> Israelites—> Jews

60
Q

David

A

Chosen by God to be king
Powerful kingdom
Jerusalem

61
Q

Solomon

A

Expanded kingdom of David
Built temple
After Solomon - division into two tribes

Jrusalems, farmers, herders
Israel north: ten tribes, prosperous, artisans, merchants

62
Q

The lost tribes

A

721 ce Assyrian conquerors
Deportation
Loss of the 10 tribes

63
Q

Babylonian captivity

A

Jews loss of identity

Written scriptures

64
Q

Diaspora

A 
Migration of Jews
721 ce began
Continued throughout 4 centuries
Some chose to stay in Babylon and Persia
Others moved to

Europe, India, Africa, china

65
Q

Gospels

A

Matthew mark Luke

66
Q

Peter

A

Chosen as the leader by Jesus
Spread Jesus’ message
Established church at Rome
Executed in Rome: crucified upside down

67
Q

Pal

A 
2nd founder of Christianity
Transformed Christianity
Frm Jewish sect into separate religion
Considered an apostle
Saul --> Paul
68
Q

Epistles

A 
Writings
Letters to Christian communities:
Encouragement
Direction
Correction 
Formed part of Christian testament of bible
69
Q

What are the problems that historians encounter in the study of basic/ indigenous religions?

A

Question of “purity”
Influency of outside contacts
Question of influence

70
Q

Describe the role of magic in indigenous religions

A

World is controlled by forces that can be manipulated

Magicians control nature

71
Q

How do magic and religion differ

A

Religion: prayer asks God or gods to act in a certain way
Magic: rituals force nature to behave in a certain way

72
Q

What are the unique features of Hinduism?

A

No single founder
No specific beginning
No specific scripture
No centralized authority

73
Q

How does the individual soul achieve moksha?

A

Asceticism (purify)

Simple life, fasting, denial of pleasures

74
Q

What aspects of Hinduism did Buddha discard?

A 
Strict self esteem
Caste system / varna
Priestly class
Elitism 
Use of Sanskrit
75
Q

Appeals of Buddhism

A

Moderation in comparison to the ascetics of Hinduism
Rejection of complicated rituals and sacrifices
Emphasis on ethical living
Concept of personal salvation - nirvana
Rejection of caste system attracted lower class
Use of vernacular languages instead of Sanskrit

76
Q

Greater vehicle vs the lesser vehicle

A

Greater vehicle: Mahayana Buddhism : encompassed the “simplification” , opened nirvana to more people, increased popularity, spread to India, Japan, Korea, china

Lesser vehicle: Theravada Buddhism or Hinayana Buddhism : retained the rigors of Buddhism, rejected divinity of Buddha, did not recognize the bodhisattvas, South Asia

77
Q

Qualities of a junzi and a Confucian leader

A

Junzi: well educated, well mannered, maintained traditions, respected rituals
Leaders rule by example, not force

78
Q

Role of an individual in Confcjaracteristics of major monotheistic religions

A 
Historical founder
Revelation of end
Savior
Short and definitive scripture
Given time 
Concept of history
Authoritative message
79
Q

Basic characteristics of Judaism

A 
Ethical monotheism
Ethical world view 
Sense of history
Covenant 
Personal relationship between god and humans
80
Q

How have Jews maintained their identity?

A

Hebrews Israelites Jews

81
Q

Who did Christianity appeal to?

A

Women, poor, slaves

AP World History (7 decks)

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