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AS AQA Psychology > Approaches (definitions) > Flashcards

Approaches (definitions) Flashcards

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1
Q

Imitation

A

Copying the behaviour of others

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2
Q

Identification

A

Associating with a role model and wanting to be like them

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3
Q

Modelling

A

Imitating the behaviour of a specific role model

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4
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced

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5
Q

Attention

A

The extent to which we notice another person’s behaviour

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6
Q

Mediational processes

A

Cognitive factors which influence learning (attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation)

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7
Q

Retention

A

The ability to remember an observed behaviour

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8
Q

Motor reproduction

A

The ability to perform an observed behaviour

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9
Q

Motivation

A

The will to perform an observed behaviour

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10
Q

Cognition

A

Mental processes: thoughts, perceptions, beliefs

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11
Q

Schema

A

A mental framework of knowledge and beliefs developed from experience which influence our cognitive processing

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12
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

The scientific study of biological structures which underpin cognitive processes

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13
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

A thing that elicits a natural response

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14
Q

Unconditioned response

A

A thing that is naturally elicited by a stimulus

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15
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

A new stimulus (which has no natural effect) we deliver at the same time we give the old stimulus

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16
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A thing that elicits a response after conditioning has taken place

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17
Q

Conditioned response

A

A thing that is elicited after conditioning has taken place

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18
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed e.g. praise from a teacher for handing in homework on time

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19
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Doing something to avoid something unpleasant e.g. paying your rent so as not to be evicted

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20
Q

Punishment

A

An unpleasant consequence of a certain behaviour e.g. being shouted at by your boss for always being late

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21
Q

Genotype

A

The particular set of genes that a person possesses

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22
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics of an individual based on both genes and the environment

23
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Identical twins (they share 100% of their genes)

24
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Non-identical twins (they share 50% of their genes)

25
Q

Concordance rate

A

The extent to which two certain people share the same characteristic

26
Q

Id

A

An entirely unconscious, selfish mass of drives and instincts that operates on the pleasure principle

27
Q

Ego

A

The mediator which uses defence mechanisms to reduce conflict between the id and superego, based on the reality principle

28
Q

Superego

A

Our internalised sense of right and wrong based on the morality principle, which punishes the ego through guilt

29
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

Unconscious strategies used by the ego to reduce conflict between the id and superego (repression, denial, displacement)

30
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Five stages all children pass through (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital). Unresolved conflict in particular stages can have developmental consequences (fixations).

31
Q

Oedipus complex

A

In the phallic stage boys develop sexual feelings for their mother and hatred for their father (their rival). Through fear of castration boys repress these feelings and identify with their father.

32
Q

Electra complex

A

In the phallic stage girls experience penis envy and develop sexual feelings for their father and hatred for their mother. Over time these sexual feelings fade and are replaced by a desire for a baby, identifying with their mother in the process.

33
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

A hierarchical sequence in which basic needs must be satisfied before higher needs can be achieved. (physiological, safety and security, love and belongingness, self esteem, self actualisation).

34
Q

Free will

A

The claim that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces

35
Q

Self-actualisation

A

The desire to reach one’s full potential (fulfilled, satisfied, and goal-oriented) through personal growth

36
Q

Congruence

A

The difference between the self (the way someone sees themselves) and the ideal self (the person they want to be)

37
Q

Conditions of worth

A

When parents place limitations on their love for their child i.e. “I will only love you if…”

38
Q

Client-centred therapy

A

A humanistic therapy developed by Rogers which provides clients with the unconditional positive regard they failed to receive in childhood, in order to improve congruence and self-esteem

39
Q

Repression

A

Forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind

40
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality

41
Q

Displacement

A

Transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotions onto a substitute target

42
Q

Fixation

A

An emotional sticking point based on a psychosexual stage. Stress in adulthood prompts a return to this stage.

43
Q

Q-sort

A

A humanistic test of self-actualisation which measures the difference between the conception of self and the ideal self

44
Q

Introspection

A

The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by isolating the structures of one’s own consciousness (thought, image, sensation)

45
Q

Psychology

A

Psyche=mind
Logos=the study of
The scientific study of the human mind and its functions which affect behaviour in given contexts

46
Q

Role model

A

Someone who is seen to have similar characteristics to the observer/ are attractive/ have high status

47
Q

Internal mental processes

A

Private operations of the mind that mediate between stimulus and response

48
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning by association

49
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning through the consequences of behaviour

50
Q

Genes

A

The inherited make up of DNA which determines physical and psychological features of an organism

51
Q

Biological structure

A

An arrangements of parts to form an organ, system, or living being

52
Q

Neurochemistry

A

Chemicals in the brain which regulate psychological functioning

53
Q

Evolution

A

The natural changes in inherited characteristics in a population over generations

AS AQA Psychology (15 decks)

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