Approaches- Behaviourism

Question 1

Main beliefs of behaviourism

Answer 1

-All behaviour is learned
-Animals behave in the same way as humans so can be used in experiments
-Only concerned with observable behaviour

Question 2

Theory of Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Behaviour is learned by association

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

A stimulus that causes an innate, unconscious response.

Question 4

Unconditioned response

Answer 4

An innate response to an unconditioned stimuli.

Question 5

Neutral stimulus

Answer 5

Something in the environment that elicits no innate response.

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

A previously neutral stimulus that is learned to create a response

Question 7

Conditioned response

Answer 7

The learned response of a being reacting to a conditioned stimulus

Question 8

Year of Pavlov’s dog experiment

Answer 8

1902

Question 9

Aim of Pavlov 1902

Answer 9

Investigate how animals learn by association

Question 10

What environment were Pavlov’s dogs put in

Answer 10

Restricted in a harness

Question 11

What type of experiment is Pavlov (1902)

Answer 11

Laboratory

Question 12

How was Pavlov’s experiment scientific

Answer 12

Used test tubes inserted into the dog’s cheeks to measure saliva produced.

Question 13

What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov 1902

Answer 13

The dogs food

Question 14

What was the unconditioned response in Pavlov 1902

Answer 14

Salivation for food

Question 15

What was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov 1902

Answer 15

A bell

Question 16

What was the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov 1902

Answer 16

A bell

Question 17

What was the conditioned response in Pavlov 1902

Answer 17

Salivation for a bell

Question 18

Findings of Pavlov 1902

Answer 18

Bell became the conditioned stimulus and elicited a conditioned response of salivation

Question 19

Conclusion of Pavlov 1902

Answer 19

Animals learn by association

Question 20

Two criticisms of Pavlov 1902

Answer 20

-Low generalisability to humans
-Ethical debates over using animal experimentation

Question 21

What is extinction

Answer 21

When a conditioned pairing decays (is forgotten) over time . CS is temporary unless occasionally paired back with the UCS.

Question 22

Stimulus generalisation

Answer 22

When a similar stimulus creates the conditioned response

Question 23

Timing

Answer 23

The neutral stimulus has to be paired with the UCS in a small time frame. The neutral stimulus also has to come before the UCS

Question 24

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 24

After extinction occurs if the previously conditioned stimulus is paired again with the UCS then the association will be made faster than it originally took

Question 25

Operant conditioning

Answer 25

Learning is an active process which organisms operate on their environment causing consequences

Question 26

Process of operant conditioning

Answer 26

Behaviour
Consequence
Impact on likelihood of repetition.

Question 27

Positive reinforcement

Answer 27

Receiving a reward for a behaviour, making it more likely to be repeated

Question 28

Negative reinforcement

Answer 28

A behaviour causes an unpleasant situation to end, behaviour is more likely to be repeated

Question 29

Punishment

Answer 29

Receiving an unpleasant consequence meaning the behaviour causing it is less likely to be repeated

Question 30

Aim of Skinner’s 1953 experiment

Answer 30

To investigate the impact of consequences on learning behaviour

Question 31

Procedure of Skinner 1953

Answer 31

Placed fasted rats in controlled setting
Gave consequence each time target behaviour was exhibited:
Exp 1. Pressed lever for sugar pellet
Exp 2. Pressed lever turned off electric shock floor.

Question 32

Conclusion of Skinner 1953

Answer 32

Learning is a result of experiencing the consequences of a behaviour.

Question 33

Criticisms of Skinner 1953

Answer 33

-Hard to generalise to human population
-Ethical issues surrounding animal usage.