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approaches- 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

why is Wundt known as the father of experimental psychology

A

first to use the empirical method and experimental methods to understand the phenomena of consciousness

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2
Q

strength- wudnts introspection

A

scientific- used several key features of science- replicability and the empirical method

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3
Q

limitation- wudnts introspection

A

lacks objectivity -many sources of interpretation/ bias, subjective evidence

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4
Q

assumptions of behaviorism

A

born a blank slate,
biology plays a limited role in explaining behaviour,
laws governing behaviour span animals and humans- animal behaviour can be studied to explain human behaviour

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5
Q

classical and operant conditioning, voluntary or not voluntary

A

classical- not voluntary
operant- voluntary

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6
Q

strength of behaviorism

A

demonstrates key features of science- skinners operant conditioning study- falsifiable, replicable , used empirical method

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7
Q

limitation of behaviorism

A

ethical issues- animal testing, no informed consent or right to withdraw due to lack of language- no protection from harm
pavlovs dogs had jaws removed, skinners rats were electrocuted
still possible to learn from unethical research

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8
Q

assumptions of social learning theory

A

biology has limited exp of behaviour
environment can influence social learning- observe then imitate
internal mental processes must be taken into account

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9
Q

what are the 4 mediational processes

A

attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation

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10
Q

role of vicarious reinforcement in social learning

A

if a modelled behaviour is rewarded a learners motivation increases, if a modelled behaviour is punished or not rewarded, motivation decreases

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11
Q

strength of slt-research support

A

banduras bobo doll exp, objective evidence, empirical method

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12
Q

limitation of slt

A

fails to explain the role of the mind in behaviour- limited exp, explains what but not how

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13
Q

assumptions of cog approach

A

people are born with imps
behaviour can only be explained with reference to environment and imp
computer model
cant study imp directly

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14
Q

outline the computer model

A

processes info from the environment through imps- which are like programs- consequence of the information processing is an output, in the form of human behaviour

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15
Q

limitation of the cog approach

A

computer model- the mind can perceive and interact with the world in a way a computer can not- computers cannot adapt or change- the mind is more than an info processor

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16
Q

strength of the cog approach

A

real life applications- beck and ellis helped to develop cbt- only possible due to the computer model

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17
Q

what are some techniques cognitive neuroscientists use

A

brain imaging techniques- pet and frmi scans- when engaged in a task
study people with cognitive defects on parts of their brains- if unusual behaviour is displayed this may suggest the damaged region may link to a particular cognitive function

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18
Q

example of cog neuroscience

A

broca- postmortem of man with speech impediment revealed he had a lesion on area on brain responsible for speech production
- provided evidence of where internal mental process of language was located, brocas area

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19
Q

assumptions of bio approach

A

humans are biological beings so behaviour must explained with refence to biology

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20
Q

evals for twins studies

A

limitation- differences between dz twins will lead to unseen environmental differences- situational extraneous variable

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21
Q

what is the mind split into- psychodynamic approach

A

conscious, unconscious and preconscious

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22
Q

role of the unconscious- psychodynamic

A

keep distressing thoughts from conscious, to protect from anxiety-defence mechanisms

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23
Q

structure of personality- psychodynamic

A

id, ego, superego

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24
Q

what is the id

A

passionate part of personality- concerned with satisfying our basic instincts- unconscious and present from birth

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25
Q

what is the ego

A

rational part of personality- concerned with satisfying demands of the id (and later the superego) in realistic ways-develops throughout oral and anal stages

26
Q

what is the superego

A

moral part of our personality- that is concerned with following cultural/moral rules- develops at the end of the phallic stage

27
Q

what is repression

A

locks a distressing thought in unconscious so it cannot be consciously accessed

28
Q

what is denial

A

protects ego from anxiety- stops us from consciously acknowledging some aspect of reality that is threatening

29
Q

what is displacement

A

protects the ego from anxiety- shifting the aggressive or sexual impulses of the id onto a more acceptable or less threatening target

30
Q

what is fixation

A

when the id has unresolves desires during a psychosexual stage

31
Q

what happens if fixations occurs

A

the child will develop personality flaws associated with relevant stages

32
Q

oral stage- age zone and conflict

A

birth to 1- mouth- weaning off mothers breast

33
Q

anal stage- age zone and conflict

A

1 to 3- anal- toilet training

34
Q

phallic stage- age zone

A

3 to 6- Genitals

35
Q

what is the conflict during the phallic stage for boys

A

Oedipus complex- sexual feelings for mother, fear/hatred for father due to castration anxiety

36
Q

what is the conflict during the phallic stage for girls

A

electra complex- desire their father and resent their mother, she represents a rival for the father’s affection + penis envy

37
Q

latency stage- age zone and conflict

A

6 to 11- Sexual desire dormant during this stage- No conflicts

38
Q

genital stage- age zone and conflict

A

12 (puberty) to death- Genitals- Societal expectations- around forming a relationship

39
Q

consequences of fixation- oral stage

A

may grow up to bite their nails or smoke

40
Q

consequences of fixation-anal stage

A

may grow up to be obsessively tidy or messy

41
Q

consequences of fixation- phallic stage

A

can negatively affect self esteem

42
Q

consequences of fixation-latency stage

A

can lead to immaturity as an adult

43
Q

consequences of fixation- genital stage

A

can result in difficulty forming a healthy sexual relationship with another person.

44
Q

strength of psychodynamic app- influences

A

influential- bowlby was inspired by focuses on early childhood + freud demonstrated potential for psychological over biological treatments of depression etc- profound effect on modern psychology + development of modern talking therapies

45
Q

limitation of psychodynamic app- scientific credibility

A

studied theories using case studies and dream analysis- no longer regarded as scientific, highly subjective analysis, unfalsifiable since you cannot empirically test the existence of parts of personality

46
Q

key assumption of humanistic approach

A

all humans have free will- ability to choose to do otherwise in any situation- can choose to self- actualize

47
Q

what are deficiency needs

A

first 4 levels- physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem needs- need to be fulfilled before self- actualization can happen

48
Q

what is self- actualization `

A

to reach their full potential- to actualize their idea of their best self a reality.

49
Q

what is the role of free will in the humanistic approach

A

the self-actualizing person makes a choice how they will reach their potential

50
Q

what is the self as defined by rogers

A

all the qualities, characteristics and experiences that a person perceives as describing who they are

51
Q

what is the ideal self

A

who we think we should be rather than who we perceive ourselves as currently being

52
Q

what is congruence

A

when a person’s sense of self substantially overlaps with their idea self- leads to more self- worth

53
Q

what are conditions of worth

A

occur when someone (especially a parent) makes their love conditional- leads to incongruence and low self worth

54
Q

what is unconditional positive regard

A

unconditional love- leads to congruence and high self worth

55
Q

what is the aim of person centered therapy

A

increase their client’s sense of self-worth by helping clients develop congruence

56
Q

how must therapists interact with their client in person centered therapy

A

offer unconditional positive regard to their clients- listening to the client in a non-judgmental way- be non-directive, don’t tell clients what to think- free will

57
Q

limitation-humanistic- rogers contribution to counselling psychology

A

person centered therapy requires therapists to deliver unconditional positive regard and help in a non- directive way
-some therapists may find it impossible to do this-e.g. serial killers- meaning it isn’t always practical
-non directive approach will work for patients with more severe forms of mental illness- requires more guidance
-ideas still used in therapy

58
Q

limitation- humanistic app unscientific

A

Maslow developed his ideas using autobiographical analysis- reading the biographies of various famous figures he believed had self-actualized
-lack of objectivity, subjective analysis depends on his interpretation, objectivity is a key feature of science
- humanistic phycologists have no problem being called unscientific- believe scientific methods are inappropriate to understand human experience

59
Q

strength-humanistic- importance of free will

A

focus on free will- most other approaches explain behaviour by factors we do not control, meaning we do not have control over our behaviour
- focus on free will shows our choices and behaviour is our decision and means anyone has the opportunity and capabilities to better themselves

60
Q

strength- bio approach

A

scientific credibility- twin studies, observing and quantitatively measuring behaviour, making empirical research and objective
- twin studies can be used to falsify theories, and replicable

psych (13 decks)

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