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Psychology A level > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

The scientific study of the human mind + its functions

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2
Q

Who is the father of psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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3
Q

What was the aim of the little Albert study?

A

To explore whether a fear to a harmless stimulus could be classically conditioned

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4
Q

What is an assumption of social learning theory?

A

People learn through observation and imitation of others

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5
Q

What is a main assumption of the cognitive approach?

A

Internal mental processes (Memory, thinking. etc) can and should be studied scientifically

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6
Q

What are Schemas?

A

A package of beliefs on a topic that comes from prior experience.

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7
Q

What is a main assumption of the biological approach?

A

Behaviour can be inherited, as it is determined by genetic information

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8
Q

What is a genotype

A

The set of genes that a person possesses

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9
Q

What are the 5 stages of Freud’s psychosexual development theory?

A

1) Oral
2) Anal
3) Phalic
4) Latency
5) Genital

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10
Q

What is Neurosis?

A

Negative Emotional State

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11
Q

Where does pleasure come from in the Oral stage?

A

Eating + Sucking

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12
Q

What is the Humanistic approach focused on?

A

Focused on the Individual person + assumes all people wish to better themselves

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13
Q

What is Humanism?

A

A perspective that emphasises the potential for good that’s present in all humans

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14
Q

Is the Humanistic approach individualistic or not?

A

Approach is individualistic + Believes people have a choice over their actions ( Free Will)

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15
Q

What are the main assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A

Only concerned with studying behaviour that can be observed and measured

We were born as a blank slate

Identified 2 important forms of learning: Classical Conditioning (Pavlov), Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

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16
Q

What was the name and aim of Watson and Rayners study?

A

Little Albert Study

The aim was to explore whether a fear to a harmless stimulus could be classically conditioned

17
Q

What was the procedure of the little Albert study?

A

9 month infant was assessed for emotional stability
+
Unafraid of multiple stimuli including a white rat, rabbit, wooden blocks but he was scared of a loud noise made from a hammer and a steel bar
+
He was shown the rat again 2 months later and when he went to reach for it the loud noise was made. Which scared him
+
This was repeated 5 times one week later
+
After 31 days without seeing the objects he was tested again

18
Q

What were the findings of the little Albert study?

A

Whenever the steel bar was struck Albert showed fear
+
By the second trial he was cautious about the rat and leaned away when it was present
+
5 days later Albert cried when he saw the rat and similar objects, including a fur coat, cotton wool, and Santa’s beard
+
After 31 days Albert showed fear to the conditioned stimuli but he also reached out to touch the rabbit

19
Q

What was the conclusion of the little Albert study?

A

Albert was CLASSICALLY conditioned to be afraid of the rat and became afraid of other similar white/furry objects

20
Q

What are the main assumptions of Social Learning Theory?

A

A development of the behaviourist approach

Unlike the behaviourist approach believes that people learn through observation and imitation of others

21
Q

What’s vicarious reinforcement?

A

Non direct + observing someone else and reinforcing their behaviour

22
Q

What’s modelling?

A

When people are much more likely to imitate behaviour of people they identify with (Role Models)

23
Q

What’s identification?

A

When someone associates themselves with someone and wants to be like that person

24
Q

What experiment did bandura conduct in 1961 and 1963? And what was the aim of it?

A

Bobo Doll experiment

Aim was to investigate if behaviour (specifically aggression) can be learned through observation of models

25
Q

What are the main ideas of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Events in childhood have a great influence in our adult lives and shape our personality
+
Unconscious forces in our mind determine our actions

26
Q

What’s repression?

A

Putting information into the unconscious

Eg: being kidnapped at 5 and not remembering it

27
Q

What’s projection?

A

Placing unacceptable impulses onto someone else

Eg: being moody and asking someone why their in a mood

28
Q

What’s regression?

A

Displaying behaviour that’s more associated with someone younger

29
Q

What’s sublimation?

A

Satisfying an impulse with a substitute object in a socially acceptable way

30
Q

Name the 5 stages of Freuds psychosexual stages

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital

31
Q

What’s the oral stage?

A

0-2 years
+
The child exploring the world with their mouth

32
Q

What’s the Anal stage?

A

2-3 years
+
When potty training takes place
+
Ego begins to develop
+
First time child experiences a form of control

33
Q

What’s the Phallic stage?

A

3-6 years
+
Males go through the Oedipus complex and females go through the Electra complex
+
This is when the child unconsciously desires the opposite sex parent
+
Results in negative feelings towards the same sex parent

34
Q

What’s the Latent stage?

A

6-12 years
+
Earlier conflicts are repressed leading to children being unable to remember much of their early years

35
Q

What’s the Genital stage?

A

12+ years
+
Sexual desires become conscious
+
Healthy adult relationships should happen if earlier stages have been completed successfully
+
Focus of Genitals

36
Q

What’s the humanistic approach?

A

Emphasises the study of the whole person and believes in looking at subjective experiences, feelings and thoughts of a person
+
Rejects scientific models that try to generalise human behaviour
+
Believes humans are good beings

37
Q

What’s self actualisation?

A

When a human being reaches their full potential

Psychology A level (12 decks)

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