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ECOS II Final > Approach To Resp Complaint > Flashcards

Approach To Resp Complaint Flashcards

1
Q

Where do chest tubes and needles need to be placed?

A

Over the superior margin of the rib to avoid the neurovasculature bundle which runs along the inferior margin of each rib

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2
Q

What is the normal breathing rate?

A

20/min

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3
Q

What is tachypnea?

A

> 25/min

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4
Q

What is bradypnea?

A

Slow breathing rate

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5
Q

What is Cheyne-stokes breathing?

A

Abnormal breathing pattern
Tachypnea
Gradual hyper apnea, then hypopnea
Followed by periodic apnea

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6
Q

In which conditions is Cheyne-strokes breathing seen?

A

Often seen in heart failure

Hypoperfusion of the brain (respiratory center)

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7
Q

What is Kussmaul breathing?

A

Abnormal respiratory pattern
Deep rapid breathing
Seen in pts with metabolic acidosis (DKA) so this mechanism tries to bring the pH back up

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8
Q

What can Cheyne-Stokes breathing cause?

A

CO2 narcosis
Pt becomes delirious may try to rip off mask and IVs
Increase in pH causing acidosis

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9
Q

What are some causes for Kussmaul breathing?

A 
K - Ketones (DKA)
U - uremia 
S - sepsis 
S - salicylate as 
M - methanol 
A - aldehydes 
U 
L - lactic acid/lactic acidosis
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10
Q

What is the primary muscle of breathing?

A

Diaphragm

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11
Q

What are the accessory muscles of breathing?

A

Supraclavicular (scalene and sternocleidomastoid)

Intercostal and subcostal muscles

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12
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

Pus that collects in the pleural space
Transudates (fluid leaking from blood vessels)
Exudates (fluid leads from inflammation of the pleura and lung)
CHF, pneumonia, malignancies, and PE

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13
Q

What is empyema?

A

An abscess in the lung parenchyma
Requires drainage (chest tube)
Can collect in pleural space (pleural effusion)

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14
Q

What are some abnormal (adventitious [added]) breath sounds?

A

Stridor, wheezes (rhonchi [low pitched wheezes), crackles (rales)
Depend on the structure and pathology affecting it

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15
Q

What are normal breath sounds?

A

Vesicular, bronchovesicular, bronchial and tracheal

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16
Q

What does CTAB stand for?

A

Clear to auscultation bilaterally

17
Q

What are some conditions associated with unilateral abnormal or decreased breath sounds?

A

Pneumothorax

Lung full of fluid (hemothorax, pleural effusion, empyema, etc)

18
Q

What are some conditions associated with bilateral abnormal or decreased breath sounds?

A

Extreme COPD and asthma (secondary to not moving any air)

19
Q

What is stridor?

A

Generally an inspiratory sound but can be expiratory or biphasic
Result from narrowing in the upper airway

20
Q

What are common causes for stridor?

A

Croup, epiglottis, upper airway foreign body, anaphylaxis

21
Q

What is wheezing?

A

Generally an expiratory sound but can be inspiratory or biphasic
Continuous musical sounds
Caused by rapid airflow through a narrowed bronchial airway

22
Q

What are common causes for wheezing?

A

RAD (reactive airway disease), asthma, COPD

23
Q

What are crackles?

A

An inspiratory sound

Thought to be caused by small airway closed during expiration, “popping” open during inspiration

24
Q

What are common causes for crackles?

A

Pneumonia, CHF, atelectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma bronchiectasis, COPD

25
Q

What does pulse oximetry measure?

A

Peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2)

Known as the 5th vital sign

26
Q

What are causes for a bad waveform in pulse oximetry?

A

Improper placement, hypoperfusion, hypothermia, motion artifact

27
Q

What is end tidal CO2?

A

The concentration of CO2 in exhaled air at the end of respiration
Measures ventilation

28
Q

What is the normal PETCO2?

A

35-40

29
Q

What is a normal PaCO2?

A

35-45 (40)

30
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

The loss of lung volume due to a collapse of alveolar lung tissue affecting O2 absorption

31
Q

What PE findings would you find in someone with atelectasis?

A

Low O2 saturation, tachypnea, using accessory muscles to assist breathing, in distress, could be in a tripod position

ECOS II Final (10 decks)

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