Applied social/personality

Question 1

what is industrial organisational psychology

Answer 1

psychology of the workplace

Question 2

what is I/O used for

Answer 2

Skills, expertise and wellbeing of a workforce
How to balance this between cost and efficiency

Question 3

what are the Hawthorne studies

Answer 3

Studies effects of lighting - had no overall effect
Productivity increased when light increased, decreased or constant

Question 4

what were the Hawthorne studies

Answer 4

confounding variables - individuals were aware that they were being observed

Question 5

define job satisfaction

Answer 5

The degree of pleasure an employee derives from their job

Question 6

what is job satisfaction a good predictor of

Answer 6

job performance, turnover and overall health

Question 7

what are the three types of commitment

Answer 7

affective
calculative
normative

Question 8

what is affective commitment

Answer 8

internalisation of organisational values

Question 9

what is calculative commitment

Answer 9

personal time and resources already devoted to company

Question 10

what is normative commitment

Answer 10

internalised pressures to meet organisational goals

Question 11

what is selection

Answer 11

Process of learning about an individual to make an inference

Question 12

what are common measures used in selection

Answer 12

cognitive ability, job knowledge, personality and emotional intelligence

Question 13

what are the advantages of working in teams

Answer 13

• Can make better decisions
• Better information sharing
  Increases employee motivation

Question 14

what are the disadvantages of working in teams

Answer 14

-Extra resources required for team maintenance
-social loafing
-groupthink
-group polarisation

Question 15

what is social loafing

Answer 15

members may exert less effort in teams than alone

Question 16

why may social loafing occur

Answer 16

○ Low accountability
○ High expected effort from others
Tasks that lack personal meaning

Question 17

define groupthink

Answer 17

the tendency for group discussion to shift group members towards an extreme position

Question 18

define group polarisation

Answer 18

the tendency towards flawed group decision making when group members are so intent on preserving group harmony they fail to analyse a problem completely

Question 19

what are the 5Cs of effective team members

Answer 19

Cooperating, coordinating, communicating, comforting and conflict resolving

Question 20

how can teamwork be improved

Answer 20

Using a set of behaviours that people are expected to perform, either formally or informally assigned (team roles)

Question 21

what is informal role assignment

Answer 21

occurs during the development of a team and is based on personal characteristics

Question 22

why are smaller teams better

Answer 22

less time to coordinate roles, more engagement between team members, members tend to feel more responsible for success and failure

Question 23

why is diversity important in the workplace

Answer 23

View problems and alternatives from different perspectives
Broader knowledge base

Question 24

explain openness in the workplace

Answer 24

may adjust better to organisational change, linked to higher creativity and adaptability

Question 25

explain conscientiousness in the workplace

Answer 25

strong predictor of job performance, too much can be a bad thing

Question 26

explain extraversion in the workplace

Answer 26

linked to higher performance in sales and management, related to social interactions

Question 27

explain agreeableness in the workplace

Answer 27

effective in jobs requiring cooperation and helpfulness

Question 28

explain neuroticism in the workplace

Answer 28

emotional stability relates to stress coping, and a strong predictor of job performance

Question 29

what is leadership

Answer 29

Recognition and monitoring of the situation Adapting behaviours to meet current demands

Question 30

what do trait theories believe about leaders

Answer 30

specific traits can be identified that make someone a good leader e.g. intelligence, personality, charisma

Question 31

what do behavioural theories believe about leadership

Answer 31

leaders can be made, applying behaviours which can be learned e.g. organisation, setting goals

Question 32

what are the 4 types of leadership

Answer 32

- Coercive - Reward - Legitimate expert

Question 33

what does the contingency approach believe about

Answer 33

Leadership approaches assumed fixed styles were the most effective

Question 34

what is transformative leadership

Answer 34

- Inspiring a group to pursue goals and attain results Builds and communicates a clear vision

Question 35

what is transactional leadership

Answer 35

- Through allocation of rewards, consequences in exchange for behaviours More effective with clear goals and expectations, and constant monitoring of performance

Question 36

what is laissez-faire leadership

Answer 36

- Non-leadership, responsibility is deflected and followers are on their own

Question 37

what is leader member exchange theory

Answer 37

Focus on the dyadic relationship between leaders and followers

Question 38

what is servant leadership

Answer 38

Put the need of others above their own Leads to more loyalty to a leader over an organisation