Applied anatomy and physiology - Energy Systems Flashcards by Max Beavington

What are the different energy systems

-Aerobic energy system
-ATP-PC system
-Anaerobic Glycolytic System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ATP

only usable form of energy in the body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 3 stages within the aerobic system

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron transport chain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

aerobic respiration

process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen, to produce ATP
Glucose + Oxygen → CO2 + Water

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

glycolysis

glucose is broken down into pryuvic acid to produce energy, then pryuvic acid gets oxidised into 2 acetyl groups

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Krebs Cycle

-Acetyl CoA forms with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid
(Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetic acid -> citric acid)
-citric acid is then broken down into hydrogen and CO2 producing 2ATP
-hydrogen in then carried to the electron transport chain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Electron transport chain

Hydrogen is split into ions and electrons, electrons create energy for ATP production.
-Hydrogen ions are then oxidised forming water and producing 34 ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

beta oxidation

-breaks down fats into acetyl CoA
-this acetyl CoA then enters the krebs cycle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Advantages and Disadvantages of the aerobic system

ADV
-creates more ATP (36)
-no fatiguing by products (CO2 and water)
-lots of glycogen stores so exercise can last for a long time
DIS
-requires constant supply of oxygen
-slow energy production
-not suitable for high intensity low duration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

anaerobic respiration

muscles working at high intensity, without oxygen
glucose = energy + lactic acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

phosphocreatine

an energy rich phosphate compound found in the sarcoplasm of the muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ATP-PC system

-an anaerobic process which re-synthesises ATP by detecting high levels of ADP
-it breaks down phosphocreatine in the muscle to phosphate and creatine, releasing energy
-then energy is used to convert ADP -> ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Advantages and Disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

Adv
-quick replenishment of phosphocreatine stores
-ATP can be resynthesised quickly
-no fatiguing by products
DIS
-limited phosphocreatine supply (lasts 5-8 seconds)
-low ATP yield
-oxygen requirement for PC resynthesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Anaerobic Glycolytic System

-used during high intensity exercise (800m sprint)
-kicks in after ATP-PC system is used up, proviuding energy without oxygen
-glyciogen broken down into glucose -> pryuvic acid -> lactic acid
-producing 2 ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic glycolytic systems

ADV
-fast ATP production
-no oxygen required
-lasts longer than the ATP-PC system
DIS
-lactic acid build up (causes fatigue)
-low ATP yield
-short duration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

OBLA

(onset blood lactate accumulation) point during exercise where lactate begins to rapidly accumulate in the blood

lactate accumulation

increase in lactate build up due to anaerobic activity

lactate threshold

point at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood (OBLA)

factors affecting rate of lactate accumulation

-intensity of exercise
-fitness of performer
-VO2 max of performer
-performer’s OBLA

EPOC (excess post oxygen consumption)

an increase rate of oxygen consumption following strenuous exercise, to return the body to its pre-exercise state.

What is the fast component of EPOC

-replenishes ATP and PC stores
-uses 1-4L of oxygen
-occurs 3-4 minutes after exercise
-re-saturates myoglobin with oxygen

What is the slow component of EPOC

-removes lactic acid (then cori cycle turns it into glucose)
-lasts several hours
-maintains elevated breathing and heart rate, and restores body temperature
-uses up to 5-8L of oxygen

What process helps remove lactic acid in the slow component?

The Cori Cycle – lactic acid is converted back into glucose in the liver.

Why does EPOC occur after exercise?

To restore the body to resting levels by replenishing energy stores, removing lactic acid, and maintaining oxygen supply to muscles.

define 'VO2 Max'

maximum amount of oxygen the body can take in, transport and use per minute during maximal aerobic exercise

factors affecting VO2 Max

-age -gender -muscle fibre type (type 1 dominant) -training -lifestyle -red blood cell count

What are the measurements of energy expenditure

-indirect calorimetry -lactate sampling -VO2 max testing -Respiratory exchange ratio

VO2 Max Testing

-usually on treadmill, with face mask to measure O2 intake and CO2 output -shows aerobic endurance capacity -higher VO2 max = better endurance e.g. football player

Lactate sampling testing

-measures lactic acid in blood during and after exercise -measured using small blood sample (from earlobe) to assess lactate levels -indicates lactate threshold of performer -indicates anaerobic capacity -e.g. swimmer

Indirect calorimetry testing

-estimates energy expenditure, measuring O2 consumption and CO2 produced -measured using metabolic cart and face mask -determines metabolic ratio -can help design training and nutrition

Respiratory exchange ratio

-measures ratio of O2 against CO2 to determine which fuel the body is using during exercise -RER = 0.7 - fats -RER = 0.85 - fats and carbs -RER = 1.0 - carbs -help endurance athletes determine whether carbs of fats are being burnt during exercise

what are the different specialised training methods

-altitude training -plyometrics training -HIIT (high intensity interval training -speed agility quickness

altitude training

-endurance training 2000m above sea level, where oxygen pressure is low -stimulates EPO -> increase red blood cell production -> improves O2 carrying capacity -trianing around 4-6 weeks

advantages and disadvantages of altitude training

ADV -increase red blood cell count -delays OBLA -increase capacity to carry O2 DIS -time consuming, requires 4-6 weeks of training -altitude sickness -can be expensive -risk of injury

plyometrics training and list advantages and disadvantages

plyometrics training is explosive movements that improve power e.g. box jumps ADV -improves muscular power -improves speed and vertical jump DIS -risk of injury -requires base strength

HIIT (high intensity interval training) and list advantages and disadvantages

HIIT is short periods of maximal effort, with rest or short periods of low intensity periods ADV -develops both aerobic and anaerobic capacity -increases VO2 max DIS -risk of injury

speed agility quickness, and list advantages and disadvantages

drills designed to develop explosive speed and a change of direction e.g. ladder drills ADV -develops reaction time -develops acceleration DIS -risk of injury