Applied anatomy and physiology - Cardiovascular system

Question 1

define ‘health’

Answer 1

complete state of physical, mental and social well-being

Question 2

define ‘fitness’

Answer 2

ability to meet the demands of the environment

Question 3

impact of physical activity : heart disease

Answer 3

-prevents blood clots
-decreases cholesterol
-prevents build up of plaque

Question 4

impact of physical activity : high blood pressure

Answer 4

-aerobic exercises reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressures

Question 5

impact of physical activity : HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol)

Answer 5

-protects cell walls
-protects artery walls
-removes excess cholesterol

Question 6

impact of physical activity : LDL

Answer 6

-regular exercise reduces cholesterol
-reduces inflammation of arteries
-reduces chance of heart attack

Question 7

impact of physical activity : stroke

Answer 7

-reduces blood pressure
-maintains healthy bmi
-maintains strong vessels

Question 8

cardiac output

Answer 8

CO = HR x SV
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
-Volume of blood pumped out the heart per minute

Question 9

workout ‘max heart rate’

Answer 9

220 - age

Question 10

stroke volume

Answer 10

amount of blood pumped out the heart ventricles per contraction

Question 11

heart rate

Answer 11

number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm)

Question 12

trained vs untrained performer for CO

Answer 12

trained
-hypertrophy (developed left ventricle = increased SV)
-experience bradycardia (resting hr less than 60)
-higher diastolic volume
untrained
-higher resting heart rate (70-75bpm)
-lower stroke volume

Question 13

explain ‘anticipatory rise’

Answer 13

increase in heart rate before exercise starts, due to a release of adrenaline - via thinking about exercise

Question 14

why does the redistribution of blood occur?

Answer 14

-to supply oxygen and nutrients to muscles
-remove CO₂ and lactic acid

Question 15

explain how the ‘redistribution of blood’ occurs during exercise (vascular shunting)

Answer 15

-increase in CO₂ levels
-Vasodilation occurs (lumen widens therefore more blood and oxygen can be provided to working muscles
-Vasoconstriction (lumen narrows, decreasing bloodflow and oxygen delivery)

Question 16

what is the cardiac conduction system?

Answer 16

controls the heartbeat via electrical impulses

Question 17

what is the cardiac conduction pathway? (SAABPV)

Answer 17

SA Node -> Atrial Systole -> AV Node -> Bundle of His -> Purkinje Fibers -> Ventricle Systole

Question 18

myogenic

Answer 18

suggests the heart is able to generate its own electrical impulse

Question 19

SA node

Answer 19

small mass of specialised muscle which initiates an electrical impulse

Question 20

Atrial systole

Answer 20

contraction of the atria

Question 21

AV node

Answer 21

electrically connects the right atria and right ventricle

Question 22

Bundle of His

Answer 22

conducts electrical impulses through the septum

Question 23

Purkinje Fibers

Answer 23

these fibres cause ventricle systole

Question 24

Ventricle Systole

Answer 24

contraction of the ventricles

Question 25

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 25

-dominant during exercise -prepares body for 'fight or flight' -increases heart rate and cardiac output

Question 26

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 26

-dominant during rest -reduces stress -decreases heart rate and cardiac output

Question 27

What are the receptors used to regulate responses during physical activity

Answer 27

-chemoreceptors -proprioceptors -baroreceptors

Question 28

Chemoreceptors

Answer 28

detect chemical change -change in CO2 levels -change in oxygen levels

Question 29

Proprioreceptors

Answer 29

detect change in muscle length, tension and movement e,g, crucial role in motor control

Question 30

Baroreceptors

Answer 30

detect change in blood pressure e.g. help regulate blood pressure and cardiac output

Question 31

haemoglobin

Answer 31

-a protein in blood cells -carries oxygen from the lungs to the muscles -in the lungs, haemoglobin binds to oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin

Question 32

what happens to oxyhaemoglobin in the tissue/muscle?

Answer 32

it releases oxygen which then binds to myoglobin

Question 33

myoglobin

Answer 33

-stores oxygen within the cells -provides a quick release of oxygen in muscle cells -allowing for aerobic respiration and preventing delays in oxygen delivery# -myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin

Question 34

oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 34

This curve illustrates how haemoglobin's affinity for oxygen varies with the partial pressure of oxygen

Question 35

during exercise, oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve moves to the right. Describe the cause and why it occurred.

Answer 35

-this is called 'bohr shift' -caused by an increase in CO2 levels in the blood and an increase in body temperature -this allows for oxygen to dissociate from haemoglobin more easily

Question 36

venous return

Answer 36

process of blood being carried back to the heart by the veins

Question 37

what is the importance of venous return during exercise

Answer 37

During exercise the muscle produce high levels of CO2 and lactic acid, therefore a rapid return of blood to the heart is needed for oxygen replenishment

Question 38

List and explain the mechanisms of venous return

Answer 38

1. Muscle pump - when a muscle contracts, it pumps blood back to the heart 2. Respiratory/ breathing mechanism - breathing muscles contract and compress veins 3. Pocket valves - prevent backflow of blood 4. Suction effect of the heart

Question 39

starling's law of the heart

Answer 39

stroke volume increase in response to an increase in venous return

Question 40

explain cardiovascular drift

Answer 40

-occurs after 20 minutes of exercise -sweating -> causes a loss of fluid -this causes the blood to become more viscous (thicker) -making it harder for the blood to be pumped around the body, which will increase SV (stroke volume) -as a result the heart will have to work harder which will increase the HR (bpm)

Question 41

define a-VO2 diff

Answer 41

difference in oxygen content found in arterial (artery) and venous blood (veins)

Question 42

How does a-VO2 differ during exercise

Answer 42

-during exercise a-VO2 will increase -this is due to the working muscles needing more oxygen, therefore more oxygen will be found in the arteries -Since the muscles are using more oxygen, the amount of oxygen remaining in the venous blood decreases.

Question 43

structure of arteries

Answer 43

-thick muscular walls -small lumen -carries oxygenated blood away from heart

Question 44

structure of veins

Answer 44

-thin walls -large lumen -valves, prevent backflow -carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart