Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Functions of the skeleton
Support, protection, movement, shape, mineral storage, blood cell production
What bone is located at the head/neck
Cranium and vertebrate
What bones are located at the shoulder
Scapula and humerus
Bones located at chest
Ribs and sternum
What bones are located at the elbow
Humerus radius and ulna
What bones are located at the hip
Pelvis, femur
What bones are located at the knee
Femur tibia patella
What bones are located at the ankle
Tibia fibula and talus
What movements occurs at a ball and socket joint
Abduction and adduction
What movements occur at a hinge joint
Flexion and extension
What is eccentric contraction
Lengthening of the muscle
What is concentric contraction
Shortening of the muscle
What is an Agonist
Muscle or group of muscles responsible for movement
What are antagonist muscles
Muscles that act to produce the opposite movement to the agonist. They work in antagonistic pairs
What is a tendon
Very strong cords that join the muscle to the bone
Ligaments
Bands of fibres that are attached to the bones and link joints together
What are the jobs of the bicep and tricep
Any arm movement such as throwing
What are the jobs if hamstrings and quadriceps
Moments of the legs such as running and kicking
What’s the job of a deltoid
Allow shoulder movement used a lot in swimming
What is the job of the trapezius
Helps keep the shoulder in position used in a football throw-in also rotator cuffs
What is the job if the latissimus dorsi
Allows Shoulder movement backwards, forwards, up and down
What is the job of the pectoral muscle
At the front of the upper chest often used in throwing actions such as the javelin
What’s the role of the abdominals
Used to allow bending and turning of the trunk section very important Stabilising muscles relating to core strength
What is the bursae
Sacks of fluid which reduce friction
What does cartilage do
Tough but flexible smooth elastic tissue which prevents friction and stops bones from rubbing together
What is a joint capsule’s job
Encloses/supports
What does a synovial fluid do
Lubricates the joint
What is a synovial joint
An area of the body where two or more bones meet to allow a range of movements
What is synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid
during inspiration what does the diaphragm do
the diaphragm contracts
during expiration what does the diaphragm do
the diaphragm relaxes
Summary if gaseous exchange
-O2 breathed in goes through ALVEOLI and into red blood cells in the capillaries then the O2 COMBINES with HAEMOGLOBIN forming oxyhaemoglobin, ENZYME BREAKS down CO2 and turns it into a gas then the CO2 passes through the ALVEOLI into the red blood cells in the capillaries
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what is tidal volume
the volume of air inspired or expired
what is inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that could be breathed in after tidal volume
what is expiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that could be breathed out after tidal volume
what is residual volume
the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration
mechanics of breathing
there is an interaction of the intercostal muscles, ribs and the diaphragm, making air breathed in and out of the lungs
the cardiac cycle step 1
deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the vena cava deprived of O2 and has a lot of waste products such as CO2
the cardiac cycle step 2
the right atrium pumps the blood into the right ventricle through the bicuspid valve which opens due to the pressure and closes to prevent back flow
the cardiac cycle step 3
the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where O2 is picked up and CO2 is deposited. at the same time the O2 is collected in the blood what is
the cardiac cycle step 4
from the lungs the blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein
the cardiac cycle step 5
left atrium pumps blood into the left ventricle the blood then leaves through the aorta to go to the rest of the body
what are the three types of blood vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Properties of Arteries
- thick elasticated walls
- carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
- high pressure
- no valves
- they sub-dive into smaller vessels called arterioles
Properties of Veins
- carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
- thinner walls than arteries
- less elastic walls than arteries
- have valves to stop the back flow of blood
Properties of Capillaries
- walls are one cell thick
- allow CO2 and O2 and waste products to pass through their thin walls
what is the cardiac formula
cardiac output (Q) = stroke volume x heart rate
what is cardiac output
the amount of blood which is ejected from the heart in one minute
what is stroke volume
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction
what is heart rate
the number of times the heart beats measured in BPM
what is diastolic blood pressure
when the heart is relaxing
what is embolism
blockage of a blood vessel
what is Haemoglobin
the substance which transports O2 and CO2
what is Hypertension
high blood pressure in the arteries
what is Systolic blood pressure
when the heart is contracting
what is Vasoconstriction
narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow.
when arteries constrict during exercise so that less blood is delivered in inactive areas
what is Vasodilation
widening on the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow
when the arteries dilate during exercise to increase blood flow to active areas, increasing their O2 supply
anaerobic equation
glucose —> energy + lactic acid
aerobic equation
glucose + oxygen —> energy + carbon dioxide + water
what is anaerobic respiration
respiration in the absence of oxygen
this is used in short periods of exercise: 100m sprint
what is aerobic respiration
respiration in the presence of oxygen
this is when the body is exercising for long periods of time.
what does EPOC stand for
Excess post oxygen consumption
what is EPOC
- occurs during anaerobic exercise, cus your body runs out of sufficient O2 supply, glycogen stores are used as alternative energy supply.
- lactic acid builds up in working muscles
- Oxygen debt is the additional oxygen consumption which is required at rest
- why you breath heavily after a sprint to repay the O2 debt
what does cool down do in the recovery process
allows lactic acid to disperse safely
maintain elevated breathing rate and heart rate
include stretching in cool down
what does manipulation of diet do in the recovery process
ensuring you re-hydrate
advisable to take on carbohydrates as additional energy source
what do ice baths/massage do in the recovery process
prevents delayed on set muscle soreness (DOMS)
a massage in particular increases blood flow to specific area
immediate effects of exercise
- feeling hotter than at rest
- increase in depth and frequency of breathing (14-16 breaths/ minute at rest)
- increased levels of sweating
- increased heart rate (72 BPM at rest)
short term effects of exercise
- increased tiredness or fatigue
- feeling light headed
- nausea
- aching or DOMS
- cramp
long term effects of exercise
- body shape change (losing weight)
- improvements to specific components of fitness
- building muscle strength
- improved muscular endurance (could reduce short term effects of fatigue)
- improved speed
what is a cramp
a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle group or muscle
what is fatigue
extreme tiredness physically or mentally due to a build up of lactic acid
what is stamina
the ability to exert yourself and keep active for long periods of time
what is suppleness
another word for flexibility (same definition)
what is hypertrophy
the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increased size of its cells
what is Bradycardia
the heart beating very slowly at rest, or blow 60 BPM
