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Physical Education > Applied Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A

Support, protection, movement, shape, mineral storage, blood cell production

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2
Q

What bone is located at the head/neck

A

Cranium and vertebrate

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3
Q

What bones are located at the shoulder

A

Scapula and humerus

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4
Q

Bones located at chest

A

Ribs and sternum

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5
Q

What bones are located at the elbow

A

Humerus radius and ulna

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6
Q

What bones are located at the hip

A

Pelvis, femur

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7
Q

What bones are located at the knee

A

Femur tibia patella

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8
Q

What bones are located at the ankle

A

Tibia fibula and talus

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9
Q

What movements occurs at a ball and socket joint

A

Abduction and adduction

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10
Q

What movements occur at a hinge joint

A

Flexion and extension

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11
Q

What is eccentric contraction

A

Lengthening of the muscle

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12
Q

What is concentric contraction

A

Shortening of the muscle

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13
Q

What is an Agonist

A

Muscle or group of muscles responsible for movement

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14
Q

What are antagonist muscles

A

Muscles that act to produce the opposite movement to the agonist. They work in antagonistic pairs

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15
Q

What is a tendon

A

Very strong cords that join the muscle to the bone

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16
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of fibres that are attached to the bones and link joints together

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17
Q

What are the jobs of the bicep and tricep

A

Any arm movement such as throwing

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18
Q

What are the jobs if hamstrings and quadriceps

A

Moments of the legs such as running and kicking

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19
Q

What’s the job of a deltoid

A

Allow shoulder movement used a lot in swimming

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20
Q

What is the job of the trapezius

A

Helps keep the shoulder in position used in a football throw-in also rotator cuffs

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21
Q

What is the job if the latissimus dorsi

A

Allows Shoulder movement backwards, forwards, up and down

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22
Q

What is the job of the pectoral muscle

A

At the front of the upper chest often used in throwing actions such as the javelin

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23
Q

What’s the role of the abdominals

A

Used to allow bending and turning of the trunk section very important Stabilising muscles relating to core strength

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24
Q

What is the bursae

A

Sacks of fluid which reduce friction

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25
Q

What does cartilage do

A

Tough but flexible smooth elastic tissue which prevents friction and stops bones from rubbing together

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26
Q

What is a joint capsule’s job

A

Encloses/supports

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27
Q

What does a synovial fluid do

A

Lubricates the joint

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28
Q

What is a synovial joint

A

An area of the body where two or more bones meet to allow a range of movements

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29
Q

What is synovial membrane

A

Secretes synovial fluid

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30
Q

during inspiration what does the diaphragm do

A

the diaphragm contracts

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31
Q

during expiration what does the diaphragm do

A

the diaphragm relaxes

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32
Q

Summary if gaseous exchange

A

-O2 breathed in goes through ALVEOLI and into red blood cells in the capillaries then the O2 COMBINES with HAEMOGLOBIN forming oxyhaemoglobin, ENZYME BREAKS down CO2 and turns it into a gas then the CO2 passes through the ALVEOLI into the red blood cells in the capillaries

33
Q

H

A

N

34
Q

G

A

A

35
Q

A

A

A

36
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the volume of air inspired or expired

37
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that could be breathed in after tidal volume

38
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that could be breathed out after tidal volume

39
Q

what is residual volume

A

the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

40
Q

mechanics of breathing

A

there is an interaction of the intercostal muscles, ribs and the diaphragm, making air breathed in and out of the lungs

41
Q

the cardiac cycle step 1

A

deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the vena cava deprived of O2 and has a lot of waste products such as CO2

42
Q

the cardiac cycle step 2

A

the right atrium pumps the blood into the right ventricle through the bicuspid valve which opens due to the pressure and closes to prevent back flow

43
Q

the cardiac cycle step 3

A

the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where O2 is picked up and CO2 is deposited. at the same time the O2 is collected in the blood what is

44
Q

the cardiac cycle step 4

A

from the lungs the blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein

45
Q

the cardiac cycle step 5

A

left atrium pumps blood into the left ventricle the blood then leaves through the aorta to go to the rest of the body

46
Q

what are the three types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

47
Q

Properties of Arteries

A
  • thick elasticated walls
  • carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
  • high pressure
  • no valves
  • they sub-dive into smaller vessels called arterioles
48
Q

Properties of Veins

A
  • carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
  • thinner walls than arteries
  • less elastic walls than arteries
  • have valves to stop the back flow of blood
49
Q

Properties of Capillaries

A
  • walls are one cell thick

- allow CO2 and O2 and waste products to pass through their thin walls

50
Q

what is the cardiac formula

A

cardiac output (Q) = stroke volume x heart rate

51
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the amount of blood which is ejected from the heart in one minute

52
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction

53
Q

what is heart rate

A

the number of times the heart beats measured in BPM

54
Q

what is diastolic blood pressure

A

when the heart is relaxing

55
Q

what is embolism

A

blockage of a blood vessel

56
Q

what is Haemoglobin

A

the substance which transports O2 and CO2

57
Q

what is Hypertension

A

high blood pressure in the arteries

58
Q

what is Systolic blood pressure

A

when the heart is contracting

59
Q

what is Vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow.
when arteries constrict during exercise so that less blood is delivered in inactive areas

60
Q

what is Vasodilation

A

widening on the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow
when the arteries dilate during exercise to increase blood flow to active areas, increasing their O2 supply

61
Q

anaerobic equation

A

glucose —> energy + lactic acid

62
Q

aerobic equation

A

glucose + oxygen —> energy + carbon dioxide + water

63
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

respiration in the absence of oxygen

this is used in short periods of exercise: 100m sprint

64
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

respiration in the presence of oxygen

this is when the body is exercising for long periods of time.

65
Q

what does EPOC stand for

A

Excess post oxygen consumption

66
Q

what is EPOC

A
  • occurs during anaerobic exercise, cus your body runs out of sufficient O2 supply, glycogen stores are used as alternative energy supply.
  • lactic acid builds up in working muscles
  • Oxygen debt is the additional oxygen consumption which is required at rest
  • why you breath heavily after a sprint to repay the O2 debt
67
Q

what does cool down do in the recovery process

A

allows lactic acid to disperse safely
maintain elevated breathing rate and heart rate
include stretching in cool down

68
Q

what does manipulation of diet do in the recovery process

A

ensuring you re-hydrate

advisable to take on carbohydrates as additional energy source

69
Q

what do ice baths/massage do in the recovery process

A

prevents delayed on set muscle soreness (DOMS)

a massage in particular increases blood flow to specific area

70
Q

immediate effects of exercise

A
  • feeling hotter than at rest
  • increase in depth and frequency of breathing (14-16 breaths/ minute at rest)
  • increased levels of sweating
  • increased heart rate (72 BPM at rest)
71
Q

short term effects of exercise

A
  • increased tiredness or fatigue
  • feeling light headed
  • nausea
  • aching or DOMS
  • cramp
72
Q

long term effects of exercise

A
  • body shape change (losing weight)
  • improvements to specific components of fitness
  • building muscle strength
  • improved muscular endurance (could reduce short term effects of fatigue)
  • improved speed
73
Q

what is a cramp

A

a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle group or muscle

74
Q

what is fatigue

A

extreme tiredness physically or mentally due to a build up of lactic acid

75
Q

what is stamina

A

the ability to exert yourself and keep active for long periods of time

76
Q

what is suppleness

A

another word for flexibility (same definition)

77
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increased size of its cells

78
Q

what is Bradycardia

A

the heart beating very slowly at rest, or blow 60 BPM

Physical Education (8 decks)

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