application questions from the textbook (mix in topics)

Question 1

a toxic chemical was accidentally spilled by an industry into a river in early spring. months later, scientist found that fish had 20 times abnormal growth than normal. then a year later 5 times abnormal growth, then 3 years later it went back to normal.

provide a possible explanation for these changes

Answer 1

“the process of biomagnification” (can be an answer alone)

OR

(different from biomagnification)
-> As years go by the concentration of the chemical will decrease due it dispersing in water or being consumed by the animals. This decrease in chemicals therefore leads to the decrease of the AFFECTS of the chemicals.

Question 2

What would happen if cells of a chick embryo did not specialize?

Answer 2

The embryo will remain a stem cell and no devolvement will occur, therefore a chick would not grow.

Question 3

How to embryonic stem cells differ from adult stem cells?

Answer 3

Embryonic stem cells are more versatile than adult stem cells.

Either totipotent stem cells (with the ability to become any type of tissue) or pluripotent stem cells (that can become part of the circulatory system, immune system or nervous system), both have the ability to specialize/turn into something more than an adult stem cell. Due to the fact that adult cells can only assist, repair and replenish cells of their specific function.

Question 4

why are researchers so interested in trying to induce adult stem cells to become pluripotent or totipotent?

Answer 4

Pluripotent and totipotent cells have unlimited potential to renew and repair any type of cell (mostly totipotent). Creating various differentiation cell types, therefore being a great type of medicine for many diseases.

Question 5

What happens if your pancreas duct is blocked?

Answer 5

The inability to neutralize the chyme (semi-digested food), as well the inability to release pancreas juices therefore not absorbing or breaking down fats (broken down my lipases), starch (broken down by amylase) and protein (broken down by trypsin.

-> harder to digest food
-> inflammation (due to the fact that your food isn’t neutralized)

Question 6

Why does hyperventilation cause you to lose consciousness?

Answer 6

Hyperventilation: breathing in and out rapidly
-> which quickly reduces the CO2 in your blood, but your brain does not get enough oxygen.

How?
-imbalance of oxygen and carbon dioxide, low levels of co2 in your blood causes there to be less gas exchange, therefore less oxygen going to your brain.

Question 7

How does the digestive system cooperate with the circulatory system?

Answer 7

–> the digestive system absorbs nutrients INTO the blood stream

–> the circulatory system transports the nutrients-filled blood throughout the body, INCLUDING the organs in the digestive track.

Question 8

How does the respiratory system cooperate with the circulatory system?

Answer 8

Both systems depend on each other for gas exchange, crucial to living life.

-> Respiratory system inhales oxygens and takes it to the alveoli’s where it can diffuse into the capillaries (the blood stream)

-> The circulatory system picks up CO2 when it circulates around the body, when it comes to the lungs, CO2 diffuses into the lungs.

NOTE: CO2 is just as important as O2