animal cells and tissues Flashcards
Organization of life (true to both plants and humans) (5)
- Specialized cell (stemming from meristem in plants and stem cells in animals)
- Tissues (a group of similar structure specialized cells or similar function specialized cells)
- Organs (a group of tissues working together to perform a specific function)
- Systems (a group of organs working together to perform a specific task)
- Organism
Cell specialization? (What is it?)
-Cell specialization goes hand in hand with mitosis and cell differentiation
-The growth/duplication of meristem or stem cells (by mitosis, [creating identical cells from a cell])
→ cell differentiation (a process that specializes cells, by turning off and on certain genes to create different proteins) (THIS PROCESS IS OFFICIALLY NAMED AS “transcription factors”)
→ created a specialized cell because this cell does a specific function due to it creating different proteins
What influences specialized cells to come to be? (Factors that influence specialized cells) (3)
- The content of the cell’s cytoplasm (difference in cytoplasm = different organelles = different functions being done)
- Environmental factors/conditions (ie: temperature) [How? Affects the presence or absence of nutrients, some enzymes active in high temperatures, while others do not]
- The influence of neighboring cells (Cells close together = substances produce by one cell and diffuse into another)
Abnormal Production of Cells (What does it result in?)
-> Cancer
-> Mutations
What factors influence the abnormal production of cells? (What influences a cell to divide more often) (4)
- Chemical contaminants
- Temperature change
- Diseases
- Parasites
How are tissues created? (How do specialized cells group together and work together?)
- All cells have genes
(These genes are turned off and on, by the factors that influence cell specialization)
(Creating a specialized cell) - The process continues with time, as these specialized cells go through mitosis, creating the same type of specialized cell.
- These cells eventually become a “mature cell,” stopping its division (due to the cell cycle [stuck in interphase]) BUT, continuing its function.
TAKEAWAY: Tissues are groups of mature cells doing its function, these mature cells are specialized cells, therefore tissues are groups of specialized cells.
What are the 4 types of tissues that are present in animal cells in different organs and systems?
- Epithelial tissue (Skin/outer lining of the body)
-Muscle tissue (changes in shape and length for movement)
-Nervous tissue
-Connective Tissue
What are the functions of these 4 tissues? (Additionally, what type of cells are in these tissues, what are those cells functions OR descriptions?)
- Epithelial tissue (Covers the internal organs and the environment, protection and helps prevent dehydration)
→ Skin epithelia
(Thin flat cells that form sheets of SEMI-PERMEABLE barriers between the outside environment and internally)
→ Columnar epithelia (Lining of small intestine, stomach and glands)
(Secretes mucus for protection)
(Has cilia)
-Muscular tissue (Used in movement, by shortening or lengthening)
→ Skeletal muscle (tissue looks like strips) (attached to bones) (found in limbs needing support: arms, legs, etc)
→ Smooth muscle (tapered at both ends, not stripped) (found in blood vessels and walls of internal organs) (Contracts slowly, sustaining itself for a long time)
→ Cardiac muscle (Cells whose nuclei are clearly visible, similar look to muscular tissue) (Contracts as a unit) (ONLY FOUND IN HEART)
-Nervous tissue
→made up of neurons
→ Sensory system, coordinates body actions according to the environment
-Connective tissue (Strengthen, supports, protects and binds cells and tissues together)
→ Bone (movement) (surrounded by harden calcium, and a there is a network of blood vessels in the calcium shell)
→ Adipose tissue (fat) (largely packed cells, underneath skin and organs) (storage of energy and used for insulation)
→ Blood (RED BLOOD CELLS, WHITE BLOOD CELLS, PLATELETS, AND PLASMA)
(Red blood cells: gas exchange)
(White blood cells: bacteria control)
(Plasma: The liquid of the blood contains the nutrients)
(Platelets: prevention of blood clots)
What are the 6 medical procedures to detect issues inside our bodies?
- X-ray
- MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)
- CT scan
- PET scan (Positron emission tornography)
- Ultrasound
6/ Endoscopy
Function and 2 pros and 2 cons of X-RAY
-> Electromagnetic radiation to produce a 2d image
Pros: Cheap and easily accessible
Cons: Only 2D image and cannot detect SOFT TISSUES.
Function and 2 pros and 2 cons of MRI
-Magnetic fields and radio waves producing real-time imaging
Pros: No radiation, and can see all types of tissues
Cons: Very expensive
Function and 2 pros and 2 cons of CT
-Many x-ray photos taken at once forming a 3d image
Pros: Can detect soft tissue and is in 3D
Cons: A lot of radiation, 100x more than x-ray
Function and 2 pros and 2 cons of PET scan
-Use of GAMMA rays
-tells you if your organs are functioning properly, and used often to detect cancer
Pros: 3D and detects cancer
Cons: Radiation (but less) and is expensive
Function and 2 pros and 2 cons of ultrasound
-Use of echos waves wavelengths produces images both in 3D and 2D
Pros: No radiation
Con: low resolution
What is an endoscopy?
-A long tube put into a person orally or in the anus to detect an ulcer
-Tube is flexible and has a camera attached inside
