Application Of Genetics - Human Genome Project + Genetic Finger Printing Flashcards
What is human genome project
Genomics - study of structure, function + medical application of genome
-To find all gene and location of it
-sequence of base pair in human genome,
-find function of each gene
-publish public results
Outcome:
-find gene for health condition
-treatment to better target diseases (cancer)
-more understanding of gene
Sometimes animal (rat, zebra fish) genome also studied for research + compare human genome + animal
Ethical drawback
Discrimination by insurance + company if know have gene for diseases
-if not curable under constant psychological harm
-unexpected outcome form study of genome for non-medical reason
What is genetic fingerprinting
Short tandem repeats - introns with repeating sequence between exon (ATC ATC between 2 or 3 ATC between another exon)
-base sequence not translated + inherited
-repeats varies from different people - to recognise people if they left piece of themselves
Use for:
Crime, paternity case, conservation
Polymerase chain reaction
Amplify DNA (make more copies) from little amount - does in in solution in test tube
Equipment:
-DNA template for amplification
-Primers - give polymerase point to start replication (polymerase work on double stranded structure)
-Taq polymerase from bacteria - heat resistant
-DNA nucleotide for new strands
-thermal cycler - repeat process + control temperature
1)sample heated to 95 degrees - break hydrogen bond between base pairs of stands
2)annealing - lower to 55 degrees - primers can anneal (bind) to start of sequence for taq polymerase to start replication - also prevent re-joining of DNA
3)extension - heated to 70 degree - taq polymerase bind complementary base pairing for new DNA stands + form phosphodiester bond
4)how long the DNA strand depend on time you let on 70 degree
5)process repeat - no need to time as new strand from cycle 1 is what you want
Problems of polymerase chain reaction
Contamination from other people DNA can also be copied and included
High error rate - taq polymerase does not proof read
Enzymes susceptible to inhibitors from patient sample
PCR most effective for DNA that’s 1000-3000 bases long
Gel electrophoresis
Separate intron into different size readable strand
Equipments:
-DNA sample
-restriction endonuclease to break phosphodiester bond between
-electrophoresis chamber with electro current - chamber with well on one side and positive electrode on other with gel in middle
-porous agarose gel
-marker (fluorescence or radioactive probe)
1)put sample in well on one side with restriction enzyme to cut DNA sample
2)activate current so DNA fragments move towards other end to positive electrode (DNA strand negative charge) - shorter strands move further than longer
3)put membrane on the gel (sheet of paper) to get DNA on
4)incubate with probe to highlight the DNA strands
5)compare data
Interpretation of DNA finger print
Compare with a reference with all DNA strands then with other
Electrophoresis chamber
https://cdn.technologynetworks.com/tn/images/body/agarose-gel-seo-article-fig2_resized1644503506970.jpg
Interpret of result diagram
https://images.nagwa.com/figures/explainers/437104853457/4.svg
Sequencing of chimpanzee genome
Determine evolutionary relatedness
Help with conservation
Use for studies due to similarities
Sequencing mosquitoes + malaria
Mosquitoes using CRISPR
-Edit out gene resistant to insecticide
-make male gene sterile
-make antibodies against malaria
-biological control
-find vaccine and cure
Ethical bad -
-unexpected effect - distort ecology as mosquito can extinct
-depend on mosquitoes for food animal will die
Malaria
-make more susceptible to medication
-but mutate quickly = harder
