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Gross Anatomy II NYCC > Appendicular System Development > Flashcards

Appendicular System Development Flashcards

1
Q

The first week of gestation includes:

A
  1. Fertilization of the egg by sperm
  2. Cleavage (series of mitotic division)
  3. Implantation (zygote implants into uterine wall)
  4. Formation of the blastocyst
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2
Q

The second week of gestation includes:

A

Reorganization of the blastocyst into a bilaminar embryonic germ disk

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3
Q

What is the first step in the third week of gestation?

A

Primitive streak formation

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4
Q

What marks the beginning of gastrulation?

A

Primitive streak formation

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5
Q

Describe the second step of the third week of gestation.
What is formed at this time?

A

Epiblast cells proliferate into hypoblast, displacing hypoblastic cells.
Newly arrived epiblast cells form the endoderm.

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6
Q

Describe the third step of the third week of gestation.
What is formed at this time?

A

Epiblast cells proliferate into the space between the epiblast and endoderm.
These cells form the mesoderm.

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7
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

Week 3
Around day 15, ending by day 18

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8
Q

gastrulation

What do the remaining epiblast form?

A

Ectoderm

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9
Q

week 2 of gestation

The bilaminar embryonic germ disk into what two sections of cells?

A

Epiblast and hypoblast

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10
Q

week 3 of gestation

What are the four steps of gastrulation?

A
  1. Primitive streak formation
  2. Endoderm formation
  3. Mesoderm formation
  4. Ectoderm formation
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11
Q

How are the notochordal process and prechordal plate formed?

A

Newly formed mesoderm cells migrate through the primitive streak and knot, condensing along the midline

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12
Q

When newly formed mesoderm cells migrate through the primitive streak and knot, and condense along the midline, what is formed?

A

The notochordal process and prechordal plate

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13
Q

What does the notochordal process become?

A

The notochord

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14
Q

When the notochordal process becomes the notochord, overlying ectoderm is stimulated into…

A

neural tissue

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15
Q

When is the development of somites initiated?

A

When the notochordal process becomes the notochord

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16
Q

When are the fates of certain cells in the nervous system specified?

A

When the notochordal process becomes the notochord

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17
Q

When the notochord and prechordal plate approximate each other, inductive changes occur that trigger the formation of the…

A

neural plate in the ectoderm

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18
Q

The neural plate in the ectoderm overlies the…

A

notochord

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19
Q

What does the neural plate give rise to?

A

Most of the central nervous system

20
Q

What is neuralation?

A

The process that forms the neural tube from the neural plate

21
Q

What are the three types of mesoderm?

A
  1. Paraxial
  2. Intermediate
  3. Lateral plate
21
Q

What are the three parts of the somite?

A
  1. Dermatome
  2. Sclerotome
  3. Myotome
22
Q

The limb bud has a core of…

A

lateral plate mesoderm

23
Q

The limb bud is surrounded by…

A

ectoderm

24
Q

Growth of the limb bud occurs via…

A

mitosis of mesodermal cells

25
Q

Growth of the limb bud induces formation of the…

A

apical ectodermal ridge

26
Q

The apical ectodermal ridge induces the underlying mesoderm to…

A

increase mitosis, growing the limb bud

27
Q

The apical ectodermal ridge forms a progressive zone that…

A

controls and organizes the proximodistal development of the limb

28
Q

When does differentiation of the limb bud occur?

A

between weeks 5 and 8

29
Q

As the apical ectodermal ridge degenerates, what happens?

A

It defines regions where cell death occurs to form the digits

30
Q

What are some dysmorphologies resulting from AER dysfunction?

A

Syndactyly (webbing)
Polydactyly
Amelia (lack or incomplete formation of AER)
Combinations

31
Q

The limb bud consists of… that interacts with the AER to direct the overall shape of the future limb

A

lateral plate mesoderm

32
Q

Describe differential growth

A

The dorsal half grows faster than the ventral half, causing the limbs to occupy a position along the ventral body wall

33
Q

What cells migrate into a developing limb bud?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm
Myoblasts
Neural crest cells
Lower motor neuron axonal sprouts

34
Q

limb bud growth

The lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to what?

A

The connective tissues, bones, and some blood vessels

35
Q

limb bud growth

Where do myoblasts migrate from?
What do they form?

A

They migrate from the somite and form limb muscles

36
Q

limb bud growth

Neural crest cells migrate and form…

A

pigment cells

37
Q

limb bud growth

Where do lower motor neuron axonal sprouts from ventral horn cells migrate from?

A

The neural tube, following migrating mass of muscle tissue

38
Q

What kind of cells migrate from the myotome into the limb bud to form musculature?

A

Myogenic cells

39
Q

After myogenic cells form limb musculature, what happens to remaining cells in the myotome?

A

Remaining myogenic cells form hypomeres (hypaxial mm.) and epimeres (epaxial mm.)

40
Q

What do myogenic cells mature into when they reach the limb bud?

A

Myoblasts

41
Q

Describe the masses of myoblasts in the upper limb.

A

Ventral mass: flexors and pronators
Dorsal mass: extensors and supinators

42
Q

Describe the masses of myoblasts in the upper limb.

A

Ventral mass: flexors and adductors
Dorsal mass: extensors and abductors

43
Q

What somite levels are associated with upper limb?

A

C4-T2

44
Q

What somite levels are associated with lower limb?

A

L1-S2

45
Q

Limb rotation results in:

A

Dermatomal patterning of limbs

46
Q

What are the two acceptable dermatomal maps?

A

Foerster (1933) and Garrett (1948)

Gross Anatomy II NYCC (18 decks)

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