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APP > APP 7 > Flashcards

APP 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between an osteoblast and an osteocyte? (1)

A

Immature/mature bone cell

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2
Q

Draw a long bone and label the following on it: epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis, compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity, periosteum (8)

A

Epiphysis - End of Bone / Diaphysis - Middle of Bone
Metaphysis - Between Middle and End
Epiphyseal line- Growth line at end of bone
Compact bone - Around the Medullary cavity / Medullary cavity - ‘hollow’ center
Spongy bone - In the end / Periosteum - ‘skin’ surrounding

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3
Q

What is the matrix made of in bone – material and % ? (3)

A

25% protein fibres
25% water
50% crystallised mineral salts

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4
Q

What’s the difference between an osteoblast and an osteocyte? (2)

A

Blast lays down bone, Cyte maintains it

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5
Q

What is an osteoclast? (1)

A

A cell that dissolves bone

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6
Q

What are the 2 main minerals in bone? (2)

A

Calcium sulphate and calcium phosphate

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7
Q

Where does the hardness come from in bone and where does the strength & flexibility come from? (2)

A

Mineral salts and protein fibres

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8
Q

What is the epiphyseal (growth) plate? (1)

A

A line of hyaline cartilage in the bone from which the bone grows

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9
Q

Why do we stop growing at adolescence ? (1)

A

The epiphyseal plate ossifies

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10
Q

What causes the epiphyseal plate to ossify? (1)

A

Hormones, particularly oestrogens

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11
Q

What are the 4 main types of cells in red bone marrow? (4)

A

Rbc’s
Wbc’s
Adipocytes
Fibroblasts

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12
Q

Give 2 possible causes of giantism (2)

A

Oversecretion of human growth hormone (pituitary),

Lack of oestrogen/receptors so plate doesn’t close

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13
Q

Give 3 possible cause of shorter stature (3)

A

Under secretion of human growth hormone (pituitary), or thyroid hormone, or genetic

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14
Q

In 10 words or less, what happens in bone remodelling? (2)

A

Osteoclasts dissolve bone and osteoblasts simultaneously rebuild it

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15
Q

What is an open fracture? (1)

A

Bone protrudes

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16
Q

What is a comminuted fracture? (1)

A

Splinters

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17
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?(1)

A

One side broken, other side bends

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18
Q

What is an impacted fracture? (1)

A

One side driven into other side

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19
Q

What is a Pott’s fracture? (1)

A

Fracture of far end of fibula

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20
Q

What is a Colles’ fracture? (1)

A

Fracture of far end of radius and displaced posteriorly

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21
Q

What is a stress fracture ? (1)

A

Microscopic fissures in bone due to repeated stress eg jumping or osteoporosis

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22
Q

Where is 99% of the body’s calcium stored? (1)

A

In bone

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23
Q

Which hormone causes osteoclast activity to increase resulting in less calcium in bone and more in blood ? (1)

A

Parathyroid

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24
Q

Which hormone causes osteoclast activity to decrease resulting in more calcium in bone and less in blood ? (1)

A

Calcitonin

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25
Q

What is the effect of mechanical stress on bone? (1)

A

It makes it lay down more bone

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26
Q

Why is bone resorption more marked in women? (1)

A

Because of the reduction in sex hormones after the menopause

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27
Q

What is the condition called in which bone resorption is greater than bone deposition? (1)

A

Osteoporosis

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28
Q

What causes Rickets? (1)

A

Failure of the bones to calcify

29
Q

What is another name for ‘adult Rickets’

A

Osteomalacia

30
Q

What causes osteoarthritis? (2)

A

Mechanical stress wearing down cartilage

31
Q

What causes Rheumatoid Arthritis? (2)

A

Autoimmune inflammation – wbc’s attacking own cells

32
Q

Can bone get an infection? (1)

A

Yes – osteomyelitis

33
Q

What causes gout? (1)

A

Sodium urate crystals

34
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle? (3)

A

Skeletal (striated, voluntary)
Smooth (involuntary)
Cardiac (involuntary)

35
Q

What are the 2 main proteins involved in the sliding filament mechanism? (2)

A

Actin, myosin

36
Q

What causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a muscle cell to open, releasing calcium ions which make the filaments slide and the muscle contract? (1)

A

A nerve impulse

37
Q

What is the name of the place where a nerve cell attaches to a muscle cell? (1)

A

Neuromuscular junction

38
Q

What is the generic name for the type of molecule that the nerve cell releases that causes the muscle to contract? Give one example (2)

A

Neurotransmitter, acetylcholine

39
Q

What give muscles their tone? (1)

A

The firing of muscle fibres

40
Q

If you cut the nerve supply to a muscle what happens to its tone? (1)

A

It goes flaccid

41
Q

Where does the energy in the ATP that powers the muscle come from? (1)

A

Energy bonds in food molecules

42
Q

What is the cell’s preferred molecule for splitting for energy? (1)

43
Q

What is the molecule to which the energy from the food is transferred for storage? What does this turn that molecule into? (2)

44
Q

The bonds in food molecules are ‘broken’ by burning in oxygen inside the cell. Where does the oxygen come from? (2)

A

a) Breathed into lungs, transferred to blood, transported to cells
b) Myoglobin in muscle cells

45
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle contraction? (2)

A

Isotonic, isometric

46
Q

Which type of muscle contraction does not involve a change of length? (1)

47
Q

Give 2 reasons why muscles become shorter and stiffer if we don’t stretch (2)

A

Less elastic and more inelastic fibres laid down in Connective tissue in muscle
Cross bridges form between actin & myosin

48
Q

What is another name for the voluntary part of the Nervous System? (1)

49
Q

What is another name for the involuntary part of the Nervous System? (1)

50
Q

What are the 2 parts of the autonomic Nervous System called? (2)

A

Parasympathetic, sympathetic

51
Q

Why are there no stripes in smooth muscle? (1)

A

Because the actin & myosin are not arranged in parallel rows as they are in striped muscle

52
Q

Is smooth muscle contraction slower and longer lasting than skeletal muscle contraction? (1)

53
Q

What’s the big thing about cardiac muscle? (1)

A

It’s autorhythmic

54
Q

With age, muscle tissue is replaced by 2 other types of tissue, what are they? (2)

A

Fibrous CT & adipose CT

55
Q

Which end of a muscle is the origin? (1)

A

The end that attaches to a stationary bone

56
Q

Which end of a muscle is the insertion? (1)

A

The end that attaches to a moving bone

57
Q

How does a muscle attach to a bone? (1)

A

Via a tendon

58
Q

What is the prime mover, and what is another name for it? (2)

A

The muscle that brings about the desired action, agonist

59
Q

What is the name of the muscle that relaxes as the agonist contracts? (1)

A

Antagonist

60
Q

Name an agonist and antagonist pair (2)

A

Biceps brachii, triceps

61
Q

What are muscles which help the agonist work more efficiently by reducing unnecessary movement called? (1)

A

Synergists

62
Q

What is a spasm? (1)

A

A single muscle contracting involuntarily

63
Q

When does a spasm become a cramp? (1)

A

When it’s painful

64
Q

What is a tic? (1)

A

Spasmodic, invol twitching, often of eye or face muscles

65
Q

What is a tremor? (4)

A

Rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless contraction, causing quivering/shaking

66
Q

What is fasciculation? (4)

A

Involuntary, brief muscle twitch visible under skin, irreg, assoc with MS & ALS

67
Q

What is a fibrillation? (4)

A

Spontaneous, irregular contraction of single muscle fiber under skin only visible with emg

68
Q

What is myasthaenia gravis and what causes it? (3)

A

Weak muscles caused by autoantibodies blocking receptor sites on muscles

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