APP 4 Flashcards
What is the point of the Respiratory System?
To get oxygen into the body which gets oxygen into the blood hence to all cells. Food molecules can be burnt in oxygen to break the bond to release energy for the cell and to remove Carbon Dioxide.
What are the 3 steps in Respiration?
Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)
External Respiration
Internal Respiration
What is cellular respiration and where does it happen?
Burning of food in oxygen to produce ATP.
In happens in the cells.
What are the tonsils and what are they for?
Collection of white blood cells (wbc’s) which prevent pathogens entering the body.
What stops food going down the trachea?
Epiglottis
Going down, what does the pharynx turn into?
Trachea
Where is the thyroid gland?
Around the Larynx
What is the trachea lined with?
Mucus membrane
What does the trachea split into?
Right and Left Primary Bronchi
RPB + LPB
How many lobes are there in the right lung and how many in the left?
3 RPB
2 LPB
What structures lie at the end of the terminal bronchioles?
Alveoli
What is a pneumothorax and what causes it?
Inner (Visceral) Pleura membrane gets pulled away from the Outer (Parietal) Pleura causing it to collapse - aka a collapsed lung
How ‘thick’ are the alveoli?
1 cell thick
Are there wbc’s inside alveoli?
Yes
What are the 2 main kinds of fibres in the walls of alveoli?
Elastic
Reticular
Why do you need water to line the alveoli?
For the oxygen to dissolve into
Which 2 gases diffuse into and out of the alveoli?
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
What happens to the diaphragm on inspiration?
It goes down
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?
Phrenic Nerve
What is Eupnea?
Normal shallow breathing
What kind of molecule is haemoglobin and what will happen to it if condition change too much?
It is a Protein
It would lose its 3D shape
What does chronic cigarette smoke do to the lungs?
Destroys lung capacity by destroying alveoli and collapses respiratory bronchioles leading to emphysema.
How may smoke contribute to cancer anywhere in the body?
Smoke contains carcinogens which are absorbed into the blood so they can get to any cell in the body.
What % of cases of lung cancer are due to smoking?
85%
What is the cause of Tuberculosis?
Bacterium m.tubercule
What is pleurisy?
Inflammation of the pleura
What does the cardiovascular system do?
Transports oxygen and food molecules broken down in digestion to all the 37 trillion cells where they’re broken down to release energy in their bonds and bring CO2 back.
What % of the blood that leaks out of the capillaries returns via the venues?
85%
What % of the blood that leaks out of the capillaries returns via the lymph vessels?
15%
What are the 3 components of formed elements in blood?
rbc, wbc and platelets
Where are the pluripotent stem cells located?
Bone Marrow
How long do rbc’s live?
90-120 days
Why can’t rbc’s repair themselves?
They have no nucleus
Which digestive enzyme is made from haemoglobin?
Bile
What is anaemia?
Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
What is jaundice and what causes it?
Yellow discolouration of skin and eyes due to excess bilirubin in blood
What are wbc’s involved in?
The defence of the body
How do wbc’s escape from blood vessels?
By squeezing between the cells that make up the walls of the blood vessels
What do platelets (thrombocytes) do?
Help plug holes in blood vessels and make blood clot (haemostasis)
Why do clots often form in veins?
Blood flows slowly there
What does it mean to say that the circulation of the blood is a double circulation?
For each circulation of the blood round the body the blood goes through the heart twice
What is the name of the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs?
Pulmonary Arteries
What is the name of the blood vessels that carry blood from the lungs back to the heart?
Pulmonary Veins
What are the 2 main blood vessels bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart?
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
What is the main blood vessel sending oxygenated blood around the body?
Aorta
Name 2 things that may cause the blood vessels to become narrower?
Sclerosis
Congenital fault
What is oedema?
Swelling
What is the myocardium?
Actual cardiac muscle
What is an ectopic pacemaker?
When a group of cells other than the Sinoatrial Node (SN) become self excited
Give 2 other names for an abnormal heart rhythm?
Arrhythmia
Dysrhythmia
The first thing the heart does is supply itself - how?
Via the Coronary Arteries
What is the number 1 risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease?
Smoking
What is angina pectoris?
Temporary lack of oxygen in the heat muscle
What is an aneurysm?
Bulge in artery wall
What is a heart attack?
Heart muscle cell death due to lack of oxygen
What may cause a heart murmur?
Leaking heart valves and blood rushing back from one chamber to another.
Which part of the nervous system connects with the blood vessels?
Sympathetic NS
What stops blood in veins flowing backwards?
Valves
What is DVT?
Blood clots which form in the deep vein of the lower leg
How does blood get back to the heart?
Heart contractions
Skeletal pump
Respiratory pump
What are the 2 main factors affecting blood pressure?
Resistance to blood flow in vessels.
Total volume of blood in the system.
What is Essential hypertension?
High blood pressure that is not dependant on another condition (“lifestyle”)
