APP 3 Flashcards
What is it about proteins that allows them to act as enzymes?
Their complex 3-dimensional shape and Charge
What are stem cells?
Cells that have halted their development and are not committed to being a particular type of cell yet.
What are the 2 things that all cells have to do.
Make protein enzymes
Make something happen in the body ie transport, food and reproduction
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
What is tissue?
Tissue is a group of cells, usually with a common embryonic origin, that function together to carry out specialised activities.
What does epithelial tissue do?
Secretes
Absorbs
Lines
What does connective tissue do?
Protect
Connects
Binds
Does epithelial tissue have a good blood supply?
No
Does epithelial tissue have a high division rate?
Yes
What type of tissue are glands made up of?
Epithelial
What are the 3 main components of connective tissue?
Cells
Fibres
Ground substance
What are the 3 main types of fibre in connective tissue?
Collagen
Elastin
Reticular
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Which of the 3 types of muscle are voluntary and which are involuntary?
Voluntary - Skeletal
Involuntary - Smooth and Cardiac
Where in the brain are most of the sensations of the body actually perceived?
The Cortex
How many pairs of spinal peripheral nerves are there?
31 Pairs
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
What are the 2 main Functional parts of the nervous system?
Autonomic
Somatic
What are the 2 main Geographical (ie referring to where they are located in the body) parts of the somatic nervous system?
Sensoral and
Peripheral
Give one other word that you could use for the somatic nervous system?
Voluntary
Give one other word that you could use for the Autonomic nervous system.
Involuntary
Which part of the nervous system ‘deals with’ cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands and blood vessels?
Autonomic
Do somatic and autonomic neurones (nerve cells) sometimes travel in the same nerve?
Yes
Why does the autonomic nervous system ‘want’ to maintain a constant internal environment?
It needs to control body temperature and to help control and regulate organ function, emotional states and responses.
Do some organs/tissues have both somatic and autonomic nerves attached to them - if so give an example.
Yes
The diaphragm (Inter-costal muscles)
Lungs
Under what conditions is the parasympathetic NS dominant?
Unstressful - Rest and Digest
Under what conditions is the sympathetic NS dominant?
Stressful
Fight or Flight
What do catabolic reaction do in the body?
They break down large molecules to release energy.
From what part of the spinal cord do sympathetic motor neurone emerge?
T1 - L2
The rib area
Do sympathetic motor neurones get to all 31 spinal nerves?
Yes
If the sympathetic NS ‘emerges’ from the ‘middle’ of the spinal cord, where does the parasympathetic NS ‘emerge’ from?
From the Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves S2, 3 & 4
Specifically, where do parasympathetic motor neurones emerge from?
CR 3, 7, 9, 10 and
S 2, 3 & 4
In the parasympathetic NS, where are the joins (synapses) between the pre-ganglionic motor neurones and the post-ganglion motor neurones?
In the target organs
In the parasympathetic NS are the post ganglionic neurones very long or very short?
Very short
In the parasympathetic NS up which cranial nerves do the physiological and stretch sensations go?
CR 9 & 10
What is the proper term for the ‘brain of the gut’?
The Enteric Nervous System
Does the enteric NS always act independently of the autonomic NS?
No
What is the point of digestion?
To break down food molecules (1) so that they can get through the cells of the gut wall, (2) and into the blood vessels (3) so that they can get into all the cells of the body, (4) to provide energy there, in the cells by breaking the bond (5) to provide raw materials so that broken bits of the molecules are used by the cell walls (6) for cells to grow and repair (7) to do their job (8)
What is the difference between digestion and absorption?
Digestion is breaking down food
Absorption is going through the gut wall.
Why is the oesophagus lines with mucus cells and stratified squamous epithelium?
Mucus is there to act as a lubricant to help food go down.
Epithelium is there to quickly replace dead/worn out cells, from when the food brushes past.
What causes heartburn?
When the stomach sphincter can’t close properly the stomach leaks acid which can cause irritation and the acid reflexes back into the oesophagus.
What sort of molecules does the stomach mainly digest?
Proteins
What protects the stomach from the acid it secretes?
Mucus
What is the most common cause of an ulcer?
The bacteria - Heliobacter Pylori
Where are the bile salts made and what do they do?
Bike salts are made in the live and they are stored in the gallbladder.
They emulsify fats and make small intestine alkaline.
State 4 functions of the liver.
Forms non-toxic urea from waste products.
Makes bile.
Makes plasma protein.
Modified process of digestion.
Detoxifies proteins.
Makes the blood clotting enzyme, Fibrinogen.
What are the two main jobs of the large intestine?
It removes water and salts.
What are haemorrhoids?
Swollen veins in the rectal anus.
What causes diverticulitis?
With age, muscles lining the bowel wall weaken and fecal matter gets trapped in pouches and bacteria build up there causing infection and inflammation.
