APHuG Unit 5 Vocab (CED) Flashcards
5.1 - Climate
The long-term weather patterns in a region.
5.1 - Agriculture
The process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade.
5.1 - Subsistence Agriculture
To grow enough food or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and their family.
5.1 - Commercial Agriculture
To grow enough food or raise enough livestock to sell for profit.
5.1 - Intensive Agriculture
Practices are those in which farmers or ranchers use large amounts of inputs, such as energy, fertilizers, labor, or machines, to maximize yields.
5.1 - Market Gardening
When fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, restaurants.
5.1 - Plantation Agriculture
Typically labor intensive and often exploit the low-wage labor available in nearby villages and town.
5.1 - Mixed Crop and Livestock
An intensive commercial agriculture integrated system that demonstrates an interdependence between crops and animals.
5.1 - Extensive Agriculture
Practices which use fewer amounts of the inputs and typically result in less yields.
5.1 - Shifting Cultivation
Subsistent extensive farming in which farmers grow crops on a piece of land for a year or two. Involves using new fields.
5.1 - Nomadic Herding
Subsistent extensive agriculture that is practiced in arid and semi-arid climates.
5.1 - Capital
The money invested in land, equipment, and machines.
5.2 - Clustered (Nucleated) Settlements
Have groups of homes located near each other in a village and fostered a strong sense of place and often shared services, such as schools.
5.2 - Dispersed Settlements
Patterns in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside.
5.2 - Linear Settlement
Building and human activities are organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route.
5.2 - Metes and Bounds
Used physical features and traditional patterns. Created irregularly shaped plots of land.
5.2 - Township and Range
Created rectangular plots of consistent size. Organized land into townships, areas six miles long and six miles wide.
5.2 - French Long-Lot System
Farms were long, thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a rive.
5.3 - Fertile Crescent
First major hearth of agriculture.
-10,000 to 12,000 years ago
-Southwest Asia
-Crops: Barley, Wheat, Lentils, Olives
-Early Diffusion Pattern: North Africa, Southern Europe, Central Asia
5.3 - Columbian Exchange
Global movement of plants and animals west across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas and took hundreds of plants and animals back east. Took place in late 15th century after the voyage of Christopher Columbus.
5.3 - Animal Domestication
Hunters in Central Asia were probably the first people to domesticate animals. They raised dogs and horses for protection, work, transportation, or as a food source. Later, agriculturalists in Southwest Asia kept goats, pigs, sheep, and cattle. People then domesticated cats, horses, camels, donkeys, and llamas, among other animals.
5.3 - Plant Domestication
Growing crops probably began after the domestication of animals. People first used vegetative planting, or using parts of the stems or roots of existing plants to grow others. Planting seeds came later. Eventually, people in separate hearths began trading crops, animals, and innovations.
5.3 - First (Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution
The origin of farming. It was marked by the domestication of plants and animals. Much of the farming that took place during this time was subsistence farming, when farmers consumed the crops that they raised using simple tools and manual labor.
5.4 - Second Agricultural Revolution
Began in the 1700s. Used the advances of the Industrial Revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth.
5.4 - Crop Rotation
The technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land in order to restore nutrients back into the soil.
5.4 - Irrigation
The process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using canals, pipes, sprinkler systems, or other human-made devices, rather than just relying on rainfall.
5.5 - Third Agricultural Revolution
Mid 20th century. Born out of science, research, and technology. Expanded mechanization of farming, developed new global agricultural systems.
5.5 - Green Revolution
The advances in plant biology of the mid-20th century. Laid the foundation for scientifically increasing the food supply to meet the demands of an ever-increasing global population.
5.5 - Hybridization
The process of breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both characteristics.
5.6 - Bid-Rent Theory
A distance-decay relationship between proximity to the urban market and the value of the land. The closer the land is to an urban center, the more valuable it is.
5.6 - Capital Intensive
Uses expensive machinery and other inputs
5.6 - Labor Intensive
Large farms producing very large quantities of vegetables and fruit, often relying on many low-paid migrant workers, to tend and harvest crops.
5.6 - Double Cropping
Planting and harvesting a crop two times per year on the same piece of land.
5.6 - Intercropping (Multicropping)
When farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field.
5.6 - Monoculture
Only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season on a piece of land.
5.6 - Monocropping
Only growing one type of crop or raising one type of animal year after year.
5.7 - Commodity Chain
A process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to consumers.
5.7 - Carrying Capacity
The number of people that U.S. farmers can support given the available resources.
5.7 - Economies of Scale
An increase in efficiency to lower the per-unit production cost, resulting in greater profits.
5.7 - Agribusiness
Farms run as corporations.
5.8 - Von Thünen Model
An economic model that suggested a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market (community) where they sold their goods.
5.8 - Bid-price Curve (Bid-Rent Curve)
Can be used to determine the starting position for each land use relative to the market, as well as where each land use would end.
5.8 - Free-Market Economy
Where supply and demand, not government policy, determine the outcome of competition for land.
5.9 - Supply Chain
All the steps required to get a product or service to customers.
5.9 - Fair Trade Movement
An effort to promote higher incomes for producers and more sustainable farming practices.
5.9 - Infrastructure
The roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, electrical grids, sewers, telecommunications, etc. of a country.
5.10 - Pollution
The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects. Often associated with industrial processes , but farming also contributes to air, water, and soil pollution.
5.10 - Land Cover Change
The study of how land is used and the impact of changing land use.
5.10 - Desertification
Alteration of the natural vegetation in arid areas causes fertile land to become infertile. Caused by the removal of forests or overgrazing livestock which can allow for increased wind erosion and result in the loss of the topsoil.
5.10 - Soil Salinization
Occurs when salts from water used by plants remain in the soil. Decreases a plant’s ability to uptake water and nutrients, which results in lower yields and may render soil useless.
5.10 - Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
An early agricultural practice and type of shifting cultivation, takes place when all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place.
5.10 - Terraces
5.10 - Irrigation
5.10 - Deforestation
5.10 - Wetlands
5.10 - Shifting Cultivation
5.10 - Pastoral Nomadism
5.11 - Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs)
A process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed. They have been developed to increase yields, resist diseases, and withstand the chemicals used to kill weeds and pests.
5.11 - Biotechnology
5.11 - Aquaculture
5.11 - Urban Farming
5.11 - Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA)
5.11 - Value-Added Specialty Crops
5.11 - Local-Food Movements
5.11 - Food Insecurity
5.11 - Food Deserts
5.11 - Food-Processing
5.12 - Gender Inequality
5.12 - Gender-Specific Obstacles
