APHuG Unit 2 Vocab (CED) Flashcards
2.1 - Midlatitudes
Regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator.
2.1 - Low-lying areas
Have better soils for raising crops than do upalnd or high-altitude areas.
2.1 - Social Stratification
The heirarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity.
2.1 - Arithmetic Population Density
Calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total area.
2.1 - Physiological Population Density
Calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land, or land sustainable for growing crops.
2.1 - Agricultural Population Density
Compares the number of farmes to the area of arable land. This value gives an indication of the efficiency of the region’s farmers. Developed countries have lower agricultural densities because farmers have resources and technology to produce large quantities of food with fewer workers.
2.2 - Redistricting
Boundary adjustments, usually result in physically smaller urban districts and larger rural districts.
2.2 - Overpopulation
A region having more people than it can support - is partially dependent on its population distribution and density.
2.2 - Carrying Capacity
The number of people a region can support without damaging the environment. The higher the population density, usually the greater strain on the environment.
2.3 - Population Pyramid/Age-Sex Composition Graph
Based only on age and gender data. It can provide information on birth rates, death rates, how long people live on average, and economic development. Can give evidence of past events such as environmental hazards, wars, political changes, and epidemics.
2.3 - Cohort
The vertical axis which shows age groups
2.3 - Birth Deficit
Slowdown of births
2.3 - Baby Boom
Spike in birth rates
2.3 - Baby Bust
Once the baby boom ends, birth rates are lower for a number of years.
2.3 - Echo
Reflects an earlier baby boom that shows a bulge on a pyramid.
2.3 - Potential Wokrforce
People ages 15-64 that are expected to be society’s labor force.
2.3 - Dependency Ratio
The comparison between the potential workforce and the dependent population.
2.4 - Demographic Balancing Equation
Describes the future population of a region of any scale:
Future population = Current population + (number of births - number of deaths) + (number of immigrants - number of emigrants)
2.4 - Immigrants
People who moved into the country
2.4 - Emigrants
People who moved out of the country
2.4 - Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The number of live births per year for each 1,000 people.
2.4 - Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Focuses on the women in their childbearing years of ages 15-49. The average number of children who would be born per women.
2.4 - Life expectancy
The average number of years people live.
2.4 - Infant Mortality Rate
The number of children who die before their first birthday.
2.4 - Crude Death Rate
2.4 - Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
The percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration.
RNI = (CBR - CDR) divided by 10
2.4 - Population Doubling Time
The time a population takes to double in size. Can be estimated using an equation known as the Rule of 70.
2.5 - Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Shows 5 typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize.
2.5 - Epidemiological Transition Model
An extension of the DTM and explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies.
2.6 - Malthusian Theory
Food production would increase arithmetically - growing steadily by a similar amount each generation. In contrast, the population would increase exponentially. Since population would grow faster than food production, the world’s population would soon be unsupportable.
2.6 - Boserup Theory
Suggested that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouth to feed.
2.6 - Neo-Malthusians
They argue that population growth is a serious problem currently and an even greater threat for the future.
2.7 - Antinatalist Policies
Attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries.
2.7 - Pronatalist Policies
Programs designed to increase the fertility rate.
2.9 - Dependent Population
People under 15 or over 64, considered too young or too old to work full-time. Rely on the economically active workforce to keep the society running.
2.10 - Migration
Permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another.
2.10 - Voluntary Migration
Movement made by choice. The choice usually combines a decision to move away from someplace with a decision to move toward someplace else.
2.10 - Push factor
Are negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave.
2.10 - Pull factor
Positive conditions and circumstances which make people want to move to a place.
2.10 - Migration Transition Model
Argues that countries in Stage 2 or 3 of the DTM experience rapid population growth and overcrowding. This overcrowding limits the economic opportunities of the people and acts as a push factor.
2.10 - Intervening Obstacle
Barriers that make reaching a migrant’s desired destination more difficult.
2.10 - Intervening Opportunity
Opportunities en route that disrupt a migrant’s original migration plan.
2.10 - Gravity Model of Migration
Assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions.
2.10 - Step Migration
Migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves.
2.10 - Rural-to-Urban Migration
Migration from rural agricultural areas to urban city areas. Migrations both within countries and between countries.
2.10 - Counter Migration
Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction.
2.10 - Return Migration
Immigrants moving back to their former home.
2.11 - Forced Migration
Migration that is involuntary, meaning migrants have no choice but to move.
2.11 - Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
Migrants who move to another part of the same country.
2.11 - Refugee
Migrants who cross international borders.
2.11 - Asylum
Protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if they return.
2.11 - Internal Migration
Movement that occurs within a country
2.11 - Transnational Migration
When people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally.
2.11 - Chain Migration
When people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often decide to locate in a city or community where others from their home country have previously settled.
2.11 - Guest Workers
Transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t available locally.
2.11 - Transhumance
The process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons.
2.12 - Family Reunification
Policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country.
2.12 - Xenophobia
A strong dislike of people of another culture.
2.12 - Remittances
Money immigrants send to their family and friends in the country they left. They help the individuals receiving them and account for nearly 40 percent of the income of some small countries.
2.12 - Brain Drain
When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people.
2.12 - Ethnic Enclaves
Neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group
