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AP Human Geography > APHuG Unit 2 Vocab (CED) > Flashcards

APHuG Unit 2 Vocab (CED) Flashcards

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1
Q

2.1 - Midlatitudes

A

Regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator.

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2
Q

2.1 - Low-lying areas

A

Have better soils for raising crops than do upalnd or high-altitude areas.

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3
Q

2.1 - Social Stratification

A

The heirarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity.

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4
Q

2.1 - Arithmetic Population Density

A

Calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total area.

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5
Q

2.1 - Physiological Population Density

A

Calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land, or land sustainable for growing crops.

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6
Q

2.1 - Agricultural Population Density

A

Compares the number of farmes to the area of arable land. This value gives an indication of the efficiency of the region’s farmers. Developed countries have lower agricultural densities because farmers have resources and technology to produce large quantities of food with fewer workers.

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7
Q

2.2 - Redistricting

A

Boundary adjustments, usually result in physically smaller urban districts and larger rural districts.

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8
Q

2.2 - Overpopulation

A

A region having more people than it can support - is partially dependent on its population distribution and density.

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9
Q

2.2 - Carrying Capacity

A

The number of people a region can support without damaging the environment. The higher the population density, usually the greater strain on the environment.

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10
Q

2.3 - Population Pyramid/Age-Sex Composition Graph

A

Based only on age and gender data. It can provide information on birth rates, death rates, how long people live on average, and economic development. Can give evidence of past events such as environmental hazards, wars, political changes, and epidemics.

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11
Q

2.3 - Cohort

A

The vertical axis which shows age groups

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12
Q

2.3 - Birth Deficit

A

Slowdown of births

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13
Q

2.3 - Baby Boom

A

Spike in birth rates

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14
Q

2.3 - Baby Bust

A

Once the baby boom ends, birth rates are lower for a number of years.

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15
Q

2.3 - Echo

A

Reflects an earlier baby boom that shows a bulge on a pyramid.

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16
Q

2.3 - Potential Wokrforce

A

People ages 15-64 that are expected to be society’s labor force.

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17
Q

2.3 - Dependency Ratio

A

The comparison between the potential workforce and the dependent population.

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18
Q

2.4 - Demographic Balancing Equation

A

Describes the future population of a region of any scale:
Future population = Current population + (number of births - number of deaths) + (number of immigrants - number of emigrants)

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19
Q

2.4 - Immigrants

A

People who moved into the country

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20
Q

2.4 - Emigrants

A

People who moved out of the country

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21
Q

2.4 - Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

A

The number of live births per year for each 1,000 people.

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22
Q

2.4 - Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

A

Focuses on the women in their childbearing years of ages 15-49. The average number of children who would be born per women.

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23
Q

2.4 - Life expectancy

A

The average number of years people live.

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24
Q

2.4 - Infant Mortality Rate

A

The number of children who die before their first birthday.

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25
Q

2.4 - Crude Death Rate

A
26
Q

2.4 - Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

A

The percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration.
RNI = (CBR - CDR) divided by 10

27
Q

2.4 - Population Doubling Time

A

The time a population takes to double in size. Can be estimated using an equation known as the Rule of 70.

28
Q

2.5 - Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A

Shows 5 typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize.

29
Q

2.5 - Epidemiological Transition Model

A

An extension of the DTM and explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies.

30
Q

2.6 - Malthusian Theory

A

Food production would increase arithmetically - growing steadily by a similar amount each generation. In contrast, the population would increase exponentially. Since population would grow faster than food production, the world’s population would soon be unsupportable.

31
Q

2.6 - Boserup Theory

A

Suggested that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouth to feed.

32
Q

2.6 - Neo-Malthusians

A

They argue that population growth is a serious problem currently and an even greater threat for the future.

33
Q

2.7 - Antinatalist Policies

A

Attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries.

34
Q

2.7 - Pronatalist Policies

A

Programs designed to increase the fertility rate.

35
Q

2.9 - Dependent Population

A

People under 15 or over 64, considered too young or too old to work full-time. Rely on the economically active workforce to keep the society running.

36
Q

2.10 - Migration

A

Permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another.

37
Q

2.10 - Voluntary Migration

A

Movement made by choice. The choice usually combines a decision to move away from someplace with a decision to move toward someplace else.

38
Q

2.10 - Push factor

A

Are negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave.

39
Q

2.10 - Pull factor

A

Positive conditions and circumstances which make people want to move to a place.

40
Q

2.10 - Migration Transition Model

A

Argues that countries in Stage 2 or 3 of the DTM experience rapid population growth and overcrowding. This overcrowding limits the economic opportunities of the people and acts as a push factor.

41
Q

2.10 - Intervening Obstacle

A

Barriers that make reaching a migrant’s desired destination more difficult.

42
Q

2.10 - Intervening Opportunity

A

Opportunities en route that disrupt a migrant’s original migration plan.

43
Q

2.10 - Gravity Model of Migration

A

Assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions.

44
Q

2.10 - Step Migration

A

Migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves.

45
Q

2.10 - Rural-to-Urban Migration

A

Migration from rural agricultural areas to urban city areas. Migrations both within countries and between countries.

46
Q

2.10 - Counter Migration

A

Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction.

47
Q

2.10 - Return Migration

A

Immigrants moving back to their former home.

48
Q

2.11 - Forced Migration

A

Migration that is involuntary, meaning migrants have no choice but to move.

49
Q

2.11 - Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

A

Migrants who move to another part of the same country.

50
Q

2.11 - Refugee

A

Migrants who cross international borders.

51
Q

2.11 - Asylum

A

Protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if they return.

52
Q

2.11 - Internal Migration

A

Movement that occurs within a country

53
Q

2.11 - Transnational Migration

A

When people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally.

54
Q

2.11 - Chain Migration

A

When people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often decide to locate in a city or community where others from their home country have previously settled.

55
Q

2.11 - Guest Workers

A

Transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t available locally.

56
Q

2.11 - Transhumance

A

The process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons.

57
Q

2.12 - Family Reunification

A

Policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country.

58
Q

2.12 - Xenophobia

A

A strong dislike of people of another culture.

59
Q

2.12 - Remittances

A

Money immigrants send to their family and friends in the country they left. They help the individuals receiving them and account for nearly 40 percent of the income of some small countries.

60
Q

2.12 - Brain Drain

A

When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people.

61
Q

2.12 - Ethnic Enclaves

A

Neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group

AP Human Geography (8 decks)

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