Ap.GovCh.5.Juan.Jaimes Flashcards
Harriet Tubman
born a slave in ,Maryland in the early 1820s, and Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor of the underground railroad. She led more than 70 people to freedom.
Abolitionist
A supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery.
Civil Rights
The government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by the government.
Equal Protection clause
Section of the fourteenth amendment that guarantees that all citizens received equal protection of the laws.
Frederick Douglass
A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer and suffragist.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Elizabeth Cady Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention.
Lucretia Mott
The first major feminist meeting, held in new york state in 1848, which produced the historic declaration of sentiments calling for equal rights for women.
Seneca falls convention
The first major feminist meeting, held in new york state in 1848, which produced the historic declaration of sentiments calling for equal rights for women.
Dred Scott V. Sandford
A supreme court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery south and the abolitionist north in the run up to the civil war.
Emancipation Proclamation
President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1 1863. In the third year of the civil war. It freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the united states.
Thirteenth Amendment
One of the there major amendments ratified after the civil war, especially bands slavery in the united states.
Fourteenth amendment
One of the three major amendments ratified after the civil war, guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S citizens.
Fifteenth Amendment
One of the three major amendments ratified after the civil war, specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves.
Susan B Anthony
Nineteenth Century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the national woman suffrage association with elizabeth cady stanton , anthony later formed the national american woman suffrage association =, which along with the national woman party helped to ensure ratification of the nineteenth amendment.
Civil rights act of 1875
Passed by congress to enforce the fourteenth amendment guarantees of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions.
Jim Crow laws
Laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels and other public accommodations.
Poll Taxes
Taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot.
Grandfather Clause
Voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfather had voted before reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test.
Progressive Era
A period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the united states.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme court case that challenged a Louisianan statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites, the curt found that separate-but-equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment.
Separate-but-equal doctrine
The central tenet of the plessy v. furguson decision hat claimed that separate but accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the constitution. This doctrine was used by southern states to pass a widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the nineteenth century.
(NAACP)
An important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans.
(NAWSA)
Organization created by joining the National and American Woman suffrage association.
Suffrage Movement
The drive for voting rights women that took place in the united sates in the nineteenth and early twentieth century until ratification of the nineteenth amendment.
Nineteenth amendment
Amendment to the constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote.
NAACP Legal defection and educational fund
The legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of Brown. V. The Board of Education and a host of other key civil rights cases.
Thurmond Marshall
A leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP legal deference educational fund. Marshall was the first African american appointed to the supreme court and served on the court from 1967 until 1991.
Harry S Truman
The thirty-third president, a democrat, who served from 1945 until 1953. Truman became president when Franklin D Roosevelt died in office, he led the united states troughs the end of world war 2 and the start of the cold war.
Brown v the board of education
U.S supreme court decision holding the school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the fourteenth amendment guarantee of equal protection of the law.
Dwight D Eisenhower
The thirty-fourth president, a republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. Eisenhower commanded allied forces during world war 2.
Rosa Parks
A leading civil rights activist of the twentieth century. Parks was most notably involved with the Montgomery bus boycott.
Martin Luther King Jr.
A baptist minister, proponent of nonviolence, and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950 and 1960. He was assassinated.
John F Kennedy
the thirty-fifth president, a democrat, who served from 1961-1963 and marked a generational shift in U.S. politics at the height of the Cold war. He was assassinated.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Wide-ranging legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting. Created the equal employment opportunity commission.
National Organization for Women
The leading activist group of the women rights movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s,
Eleanor Roosevelt
First lady of the United states from 1933 to 1945, Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S. first delegate to the united nations general assembly and later chaired the UN commission on human rights.
Equal pay act of 1963
Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal for equal work.
Tittle IX
Provision of the education amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students.
Equal rights amendment
Proposed amendment to the constitution that states equality of right under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the united states or any state on account of sex.
League of United Latin American Citizens
An activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, american of Hispanic origin.
Cesar Chavez
Labor organize who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the united farm workers union.
Dolores Huerta
Labor organizer who, with cezar chavez, founded the united farm workers union.
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund
An organization modeled on the NAACP legal defense and educational fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage.
Chinese exclusion act
A law passed by congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the U.S from china
Korematsu v. U.S
A supreme court case ruling that upheld the authority of the U.S government to require mass interment of people of Japanese ancestry in the united states during world war 2.
LGBT community
A minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people.
Lawrence V. Texas
A 2003 supreme court ruling that anti sodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy.
United States v. Windsor
A supreme court ruling striking down the 1996 defense of marriage act, which prohibited federal recognition of same sex marriage.
Obergefell v. Hodges
Supreme court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the constitution.
Americans with disabilities
A law enacted by congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodations and access for people with range of liabilities.
Standards of review
The levels of deference the court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. These standards stem from the courts need to ensure that laws do not undermine the fourteenth amendment equal protection clause.
Suspect Classifications
Category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standards of scrutiny from the supreme court.
Strict Scrutiny
A heightened standard of review used by the supreme court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press as well as suspect classifications are automatically accorded this level of review.
Affirmative action
Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.
Intermediate Standard of review
A standard of review in which the court determines weather classifications serve an important governmental objective and are substantively related to serving that objective. Gender-related legislation automatically accorded his level of review.
Rational basis standard of review
A standard of review in which the court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity, are generally given a review.
Standards of review
The levels of deference the court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. These standards stem from the courts need to ensure that laws do not undermine the fourteenth amendment equal protection clause.
