APGovCh.3.Juan.Jaimes Flashcards
Confederation
Type of government in which the national government derives its powers from the states; a league of independent states.
Iroquois Confederation
A political alliance of American Indian tribes established in the seventeenth century that featured aspects of the federal system of government adapted by the Framers.
Monarchy
A form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern the entire society.
Totalitarianism
A form of government in which power resides in leaders who rule by force in their own self-interest and without regards to the rights and liberties.
Democracy
A system of government that gives power to the people , whether directly or trough elected representatives.
Federal System
System of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people.
Unitary System
System of government in which the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government.
Oligarchy
A form of government in which the right to participate depends on the possession of wealth, status, military, position, or achievement.
Enumerated Powers
The powers of the national government specifically granted ti Congress in Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution.
Implied Powers
The powers if the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause.
Tenth Amendment
The final part of the Bill Of Rights that defines the basic principle of american federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people.
Reserved Powers
Powers reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment that lie at the foundation of a states right to legislate for the public health and welfare of its citizens.
Concurrent Powers
Powers shared by the national and state governments.
Bill of Attainder
A law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial.
Ex Post Facto Law
Law that makes an act punishable as a crime, even if the action was legal at the time it was committed.
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Section of Article IV of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state.
Privileges and Immenities clause
Part of Article IV of the constitution guaranteeing that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other rights.
Extradition Clause
Part of Article IV of the Constitution that requires states to extradite, or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial.
Interstate Compacts
Contracts between states that carry the force of law; generally now used as a tool to address multistate policy concerns
Dillon’s rule
A premise articulated by judge John F Dillon in 1868 which states that local governments do not have any inherit sovereignty and instead must be authorized by the states governments that create or demolish them.
Charter
A document that, like a Constitution specifies the basic policies, procedures, and institutional of local governments. Charters for local governments must be approved by state legislatures.
Counties
The basic administrative units of local governments.
Municipalities
City governments created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas.
Special District
A local government that is restricted to a particular function.
John Marshall
The longest-serving Supreme court Chief Justice, Marshall served from 1801 to 1835. Marshall decision in Marbury v. Madison(1803) established the principle of judicial review in the US.
McCullough V. Marilyn (1819)
The supreme court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax a federal bank, using the constitutions supremacy clause. The courts brought interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.
Gibbons V Ogden (1824)
The supreme court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The court broad interpretation of the Constitution commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholds expensive federal powers.
Baron v. Baltimore
Supreme Court ruling that, before the Civil War, limited the applicability of the Bill Of Rights to the federal government and not to the states.
Roger B. Taney
Supreme Court Chief Justice who served from 1835-1864. Taney supported slavery and states’ rights in the pre-Civil War era.
Duel Federalism
The belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement, often referred to as layer-cake federalism.
Nullification
The belief in the rights of a state to declare void a federal law.
John C. Calhoun
A politician and political theorist from South Carolina who supported slavery and states rights in the Pre-Civil era and served as vice president from 1825 to 1832.
Dred Scott v. Sanford
A supreme court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War.
Civil War
The military conflict from 1861 to 1865 in the United States between the northern forces of the union and the southern forces of the confederacy. Over 600,000 Americans lost their lives during this war.
Abraham Lincoln
Sixteenth president of the United States, the first elected Republican president, who served from 1861 -1865. Lincoln, who led the Union during the Civil War, was assassinated in 1865 by the Confederate sympathizers, John Wilkes Booth.
Secession
A unilateral assertion of Independence by a geographic region within a country. The eleven Southern states making up the Confederacy during the Civil war seceded form the United states.
Confederate States of America
The political system created by the eleven states that seceded from the Union during the Civil War, which ceased to exist upon the Union victory.
Reconstruction
The period from 1865-1877 after the Civil War, in which the U.S. military occupied and dominated the eleven former states of the confederacy.
Andrew Johnson
Seventeenth president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1865-1869. Johnson had served as Abraham Lincolns vice president and became president after Lincolns assassination.
Sixteenth Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax.
Seventeenth Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that made senators directly elected by the people, removing their selection by state legislatures.
Calvin Coolidge
Thirtieth president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1923 to 1929
Herbert Hoover
Thirty-first president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1929 to 1933 during the start of the great depression.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Thirty-Second president, a democrat, who served from 1933 to 1945. FDR’s leadership took the united states through the Great Depression and World War II.
New Deal
The name given to the program of “Relief, recovery, Reform” begun by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to bring the United States out of the Great Depression
Cooperative Federalism
The intertwined relationship between national. state, and local governments that began with the New Deal; often referred as marble-cake federalism.
Progressive Federalism
A pragmatic approach to federalism that views relationship between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative.
Barack Obama
The first African American president of the United Stated, a Democrat, who served as forty- fourth president from 2009 to 2017. Senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008; member of the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Categorical Grants
Grants that appropriate federal funds to states for a specific purpose.
Lyndon B. Johnson
Thirty-Sixth president of the United States, a Democrat, who served from 1964 to 1969. LBJ led the nation during the Civil Rights era and the Vietnam war.
Great Society
Reform program begun in 1964 by LBJ that was a broad attempt to combat poverty and discrimination trough urban renewal, education reform, and employment relief.
Ronald Reagan
Fortieth president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1981 to 1989. Reagan led the nation trough the end of the cold war and his leadership led to a national shift toward political conservatism.
New Federalism
Federal-State relationship proposed by the Reagan administration during the 1980s; hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state governments.
Block Grant
A large grant given to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines.
Programmatic Request
Federal Funds designated for special projects within a state or congressional district; also called earmarks.
