APGOVCh5.Jamian.Kortekaas Flashcards

1
Q

Harriet Tubman

A

Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground Railroad. She led more than seventy people to freedom in the North, served in the Union during the Civil War, and championed women’s suffrage.

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2
Q

Abolitionist

A

A supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery.

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3
Q

Civil Rights

A

The government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.

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4
Q

Equal Protection Clause

A

Section of the Fourteenth Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive ëqual protection of the laws.

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5
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

A former slave born in the early 1800swho became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist.

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6
Q

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A

Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention. Stanton later founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) with Susan B. Anthony.

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7
Q

Lucretia Mott

A

Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

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8
Q

Seneca Falls Convention

A

The first major feminist meeting, held in New York State in 1848, which produced the historic Declaration of Sentiments calling for equal rights for women.

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9
Q

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

A

A Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War.

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10
Q

Emancipation Proclamation

A

President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863, in the third year of the Civil War. It freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the United States.

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11
Q

Thirteenth Amendment

A

One of the major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States.

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12
Q

Fourteenth Amendment

A

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all US citizens.

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13
Q

Fifteenth Amendment

A

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves.

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14
Q

Susan B. Anthony

A

Nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Anthony later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which along with the National Womanś Party (NWP) helped to ensure ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

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15
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1875

A

PAssed by Congress to enforce the Fourteenth Amendmentś guarantees of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions.

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16
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

Laws enacted by southern states that theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations.

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17
Q

Poll Taxes

A

Taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot.

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18
Q

Grandfather Clause

A

Voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test.

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19
Q

Progressive Era (1890-1920)

A

A period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social life in the United States.

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20
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

A

Supreme Court case that challenged a Louisiana statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

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21
Q

Separate-but-equal Doctrine

A

The central tenet of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution. This doctrine was used by southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the nineteenth century.

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22
Q

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

A

An important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans.

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23
Q

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

A

Organization created by joining the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations.

24
Q

Suffrage Movement

A

The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries until the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.

25
Q

Nineteenth Amendment

A

Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote.

26
Q

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)

A

The legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education and a host of other key civil rights cases.

27
Q

Thurgood Marshall

A

A leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACPś Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Marshall was the first African American appointed to the Supreme Court and served on the Court from 1967 until 1991.

28
Q

Harry S. Truman

A

The thirty-third president, a Democrat, who served from 1945 until 1953. Truman became president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office; he led the United States through the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War.

29
Q

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A

US Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the Fourteenth Amendmentś guarantee of equal protection of the law.

30
Q

Dwight D. Eisenhower

A

The thirty-fourth president, a Republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. Eisenhower commanded Allied Forces during World War II.

31
Q

Rosa Parks

A

A leading civil rights activist of the twentieth century. PArks was most notably involved with the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

32
Q

Martin Luther King Jr.

A

A Baptist minister, proponent of nonviolence, and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. he was assassinated on April 4, 1968.

33
Q

John F. Kennedy

A

The thirty-fifth president, a Democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 and marked a generational shift in US politics at the height of the Cold War. He was assassinated November 22, 1963.

34
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

Wide-ranging legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

35
Q

National Organization of Women (NOW)

A

The leading activist group of the womenś rights movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s.

36
Q

Eleanor Roosevelt

A

First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the US’s first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN’s Commission on Human Rights.

37
Q

Equal Pay Act of 1963

A

Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work.

38
Q

Title IX

A

Provision of the Education Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students.

39
Q

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A

Proposed amendment to the Constitution that states “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sec.”

40
Q

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

A

An activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origin.

41
Q

Cesar Chavez

A

Labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s.

42
Q

Dolores Huerta

A

Labor organizer who, with Cesar Chavez, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s.

43
Q

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)

A

An organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage.

44
Q

Chinse Exclusion Act

A

A law passed by Congress in 1862 that prohibited all new immigration into the US from China.

45
Q

Korematsu v. US (1944)

A

A Supreme Court ruling that upheld the authority of the US government to require mass interment of people of Japanese ancestry in the United States during World War II.

46
Q

LGBT Community

A

A minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people.

47
Q

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

A

A 2003 Supreme Court ruling that anti-sodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy.

48
Q

United States v. Windsor (2013)

A

A Supreme Court ruling striking down the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriages.

49
Q

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

A

Supreme Court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the Constitution.

50
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

A

A law enacted by Congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities.

51
Q

Standards of Review

A

The levels of deference the Court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. These standards stem from the Court’s need to ensure that laws do not undermine the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause.

52
Q

Suspect Classifications

A

Category of class, such as race or fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court.

53
Q

Strict Scrutiny

A

A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press, as well as suspect classifications, are automatically accorded this level of review.

54
Q

Affirmative Action

A

Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.

55
Q

Intermediate Standard of Review

A

A standard of review in which the Court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective and are substantially related to serving that objective. Gender-related legislation automatically accorded this level of review.

56
Q

Rational basis Standard of Review

A

A standard of review in which the Court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review.