APGOVCh.2.Arkane.Riahi Flashcards
Chapter 2 Terms
Alexander Hamilton
1789-1795 was a founding father of the united states of America one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the constitution the founder of the nation financial system, and 1st American of the political party. establish the national bank.
Anti-Federalists
An individual who opposed the ratification of the new Constitution in 1787. The Anti-Federalists were opposed to a strong central government.
Article I
Legislative Branch - Organizations, powers, and restraints
Article II
Executive Branch - Powers, duties, restraints, and election of the President
Article III
Judicial Branch - Powers, restraints, and the definition of Treason
Article IV
Relation of the states to each other and to the federal government, guarantees to the states, and government of the territories
Article V
Method of Amending the Constitution. Guarantee of equal representation of the states in the U.S. Senate
Article VI
Provision for national debts. Supremacy of the United States Constitution, federal laws and treaties. Pledge of national and state officials to uphold the constitution. No religious test required as qualification for public office
Articles of Confederation
the government charter of the states from 1776 until the Constitution of 1787
Benjamin Franklin
Played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists
Sig: Signed the Treaty of Paris and helped draft the constitution
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution
Checks and Balances
The power of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government to block some acts by the other two branches
Common Sense
Written by Thomas Paine. Argument for an independent United States.
Constitution
A nation’s basic law that divides governmental power and lists certain guarantees to citizens.
Constitutional Convention
A meeting of delegates in Philadelphia in 1787 charged with drawing up amendments to the Articles of Confederation
Crispus Attucks
Crispus Attucks was an African-American man killed during the Boston Massacre and thus believed to be the first casualty of the American Revolution
Critical Period
a period during someone’s development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired.
Declaration of Independence
a document written in 1776 declaring the colonists’ intention to throw off British rule
Electoral College
The electoral system used in electing the president and vice president, in which voters vote for electors pledged to cast their ballots for a particular party’s candidates
Enumerated Powers
Seventeen specific powers granted by congress Article 1 Section 8, of the constitution
Federalism
A constitutional principle reserving separate powers to the national and state levels of government
Federalists
Supports of a stronger central government who advocated ratification of the Constitution and then founded a political party
The Federalist Papers
Series of 5 political essays from Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay in support of the U.S. Constitution
First Continental Congress
Meeting held in Philadelphia from September 5th to October 26, 1774 with 56 delegates to resolve Coercive Act
French and Indian War
Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley– English defeated French in 1763. Began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse because Brits wouldn’t let colonist move west in order no too spend more money for defense.
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Constitution’s requirement that each state accept the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state
George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). After serving as President of the United States (1789 to 1797), he briefly was in charge of a new army in 1798. … He played the leading military role in the American Revolution.
Great Comprmise
proposal presented by Connecticut delegates at the 1787 Constitutional Convention to compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. The Great Compromise suggested that a bicameral Congress be established, with representation in one house being determined by state population, and the other having equal representation from each state.
Implied Powers
Powers derived from Enumerated powers. Not necessarily stated in the Constitution
Inherent Powers
The powers of the national government in the field of affairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend on constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence of the national government.
James Madison
A principal architect of the Constitution who felt that a government powerful enough to encourage virtue in its citizens was too powerful
John Jay
United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)
Lexington and Concord
the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775), first “battles”; meant to get supplies from militia, but shots exchanged between minutemen and the British as the British continued to concord; Americans ambushed British, killing 300
Mercantilism
an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation’s wealth by government regulation of all of the nation’s commercial interests
Montesquieu
Separation of powers, Spirit of the Laws
Necessary and Proper Clause
Often called the “elastic clause,” the necessary and proper clause simply states that Congress has the power, “To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States
New Jersey Plan
A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress
New World
The New World is a name used for the Western Hemisphere. It specifically refers to the Americas. … The Americas were also referred to as the “fourth part of the world”. The continent (North and South America) was named America after Amerigo Vespucci.
Political Culture
Political culture – The widely shared beliefs, values, and norms about how citizens relate to governments and to one another. Social capital – Democratic and civic habits of discussion, compromise, and respect for differences, which grow out of participation in voluntary organizations.
Samuel Adams
A strong opponent of British taxation, Adams helped formulate resistance to the Stamp Act and played a vital role in organizing the Boston Tea Party. He was a second cousin of U.S. President John Adams, with whom he urged a final break from Great Britain, and a signee of the U.S. Declaration of Independence.
Second Continental Congress
meeting that convened Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, at which it was decided that an army should be raised and George Washington of Virginia was named commander in chief
Separation of Powers
A constitutional principle separating the personnel of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government
Shay´s Rebellion
An armed attempt by Revolutionary War veterans to avoid losing their property by preventing the courts in western Massachusetts from meeting
Social Contract Theory
A social contract is the compact that the people agree form rules and conditions for membership in their society. The belief that all persons are entitled to equal rights and treatment before the law.
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
The Sons of Liberty was an organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. They played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765.
Stamp Act Congress
meeting of reps. of nine of the thirteen colonies held in New York City in 1765, during which reps. drafted a document to send to the king listing how their rights had been violated
Supremacy Clause
The Supremacy Clause is a clause within Article VI of the U.S. Constitution which dictates that federal law is the “supreme law of the land.”
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, in Shadwell, Virginia. He was a draftsman of the U.S. Declaration of Independence; the nation’s first secretary of state (1789-94); second vice president (1797-1801); and, as the third president (1801-09), the statesman responsible for the Louisiana Purchase.
Thomas Paine
Three Principles:
- men are born and remain always free and equal in their rights
- political associations are created to solely preserve these rights
- The nation can only have rights that are granted by the people
ignorance over reason = monarchy
government is formed on two bases: reason and ignorance, when reason trumps ignorance, the best form of government emerges - republic
wrote The Rights of Man
Three-Fifths Compromise
Compromise agreement between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.
Virginia Plan
Initial proposition at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature, the lower house to be elected by the voters and the upper chosen by the lower.
