APGOV.Ch12.Arkane.Riahi

Question 1

501 (c) group

Answer 1

A 501(c) organization is a nonprofit organization in the federal law of the United States according to 26 U.S.C. § 501 and is one of 29 types of nonprofit organizations exempt from some federal income taxes. Sections 503 through 505 set out the requirements for attaining such exemptions.

Question 2

527 political committees

Answer 2

A 527-organization or 527 group is a type of U.S. tax-exempt organization organized under Section 527 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 527). A 527 group is created primarily to influence the selection, nomination, election, appointment or defeat of candidates to federal, state or local public office.

Question 3

Barack Obama

Answer 3

Barack Hussein Obama II is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American to be elected to the presidency. He previously served as a Senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008.

Question 4

Bernie Sanders

Answer 4

Bernie Sanders. Bernard Sanders (born September 8, 1941) is an American politician serving as the junior United States Senator from Vermont since 2007.

Question 5

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)

Answer 5

The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA, McCain–Feingold Act, Pub.L. 107–155, 116 Stat. 81, enacted March 27, 2002, H.R. 2356) is a United States federal law that amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974, which regulates the financing of political campaigns.

Question 6

Campaign consultant

Answer 6

Political consultants sometimes act as political strategists, a senior political consultant who promote the election of certain candidates or the interests of certain groups. This is achieved by planning campaign strategies, coordinating campaign staffers, and arranging events to publicize candidates or causes.

Question 7

Campaign Manager

Answer 7

A campaign manager or campaign director is a paid or volunteer individual whose role is to coordinate a political campaign’s operations such as fundraising, advertising, polling, getting out the vote (with direct contact to the public), and other activities supporting the effort, directly.

Question 8

Citizens United v. FEC

Answer 8

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310, is a landmark U.S. constitutional law, campaign finance, and corporate law case dealing with regulation of political campaign spending by organizations.

Question 9

Closed primary

Answer 9

closed primary. A type of direct primary limited to registered party members, who must declare their party affiliation in order to vote. The closed primary serves to encourage party unity and prevent members of other parties from infiltrating and voting to nominate weak candidates.

Question 10

communications directors

Answer 10

A director of communications is responsible for managing and directing an organization’s internal and external communications. Directors of communications supervise public relations staff, create communication strategies, and may serve as the key spokesperson and media contact for the organization.

Question 11

Contrast ad

Answer 11

Ad that compares the records and proposals of the candidates, with a bias toward the sponsor

Question 12

conventional political participation

Answer 12

Relatively routine political behavior that uses institutional channels and is acceptable to the dominant culture

Question 13

crossover voting

Answer 13

In primary elections in the United States, crossover voting refers to a behavior in which voters cast ballots for a party with which they are not traditionally affiliated.

Question 14

Donald J. Trump

Answer 14

Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality. Trump was born and raised in the New York City borough of Queens.

Question 15

elector

Answer 15

a person who has the right to vote in an election.

Question 16

electorate

Answer 16

all the people in a country or area who are entitled to vote in an election.

Question 17

Electorate College

Answer 17

The Electoral College consists of 538 electors. A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the President. Your state’s entitled allotment of electors equals the number of members in its Congressional delegation: one for each member in the House of Representatives plus two for your Senators.

Question 18

Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)

Answer 18

The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA, Pub.L. 92–225, 86 Stat. 3, enacted February 7, 1972, 52 U.S.C. § 30101 et seq.) is the primary United States federal law regulating political campaign spending and fundraising. The law originally focused on increased disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns.

Question 19

Federal Election Commission (FEC)

Answer 19

The Federal Election Commission is an independent regulatory agency whose purpose is to enforce campaign finance law in United States federal elections.

Question 20

Finance chair

Answer 20

The finance committee chair is most often the board treasurer, whose specific duties are usually described in the organization’s bylaws.

Question 21

front-loading

Answer 21

distribute or allocate (costs, effort, etc.) unevenly, with the greater proportion at the beginning of the enterprise or process.

Question 22

general election

Answer 22

a regular election of candidates for office, as opposed to a primary election.

Question 23

get-out-the-vote (GOTV)

Answer 23

“Get out the vote” (or “getting out the vote”; GOTV) describes efforts aimed at increasing the voter turnout in elections. … Campaigns typically attempt to register voters, then get them to vote, either by absentee ballot, early voting or election day voting.

Question 24

Help America Vote Act (HAVA)

Answer 24

Help America Vote Act. HAVA was passed by the U.S. Congress in 2002 to make sweeping reforms to the nation’s voting process. HAVA addresses improvements to voting systems and voter access that were identified following the 2000 election.

Question 25

Hillary R. Clinton

Answer 25

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician, diplomat, lawyer, writer, and public speaker.

Question 26

incumbency

Answer 26

the holding of an office or the period during which one is held.

Question 27

independent expenditures

Answer 27

An independent expenditure, in elections in the United States, is a political campaign communication that expressly advocates for the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate that is not made in cooperation, consultation or concert with or at the request or suggestion of a candidate, candidate’s authorized …

Question 28

initiative

Answer 28

the ability to assess and initiate things independently.

Question 29

inoculation ad

Answer 29

A preemptive advertising tactic in which one party attempts to foresee and neutralize potentially damaging criticism from another party by being the first to confront troublesome issue

Question 30

mandate

Answer 30

an official order or commission to do something.

Question 31

matching funds

Answer 31

Matching funds are funds that are set to be paid in equal amount to funds available from other sources. Matching fund payments usually arise in situations of charity or public good. The terms cost sharing, in-kind, and matching can be used interchangeably but refer to different types of donations.

Question 32

McCutcheon v. FEC

Answer 32

McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission, 572 U.S. 185, is a landmark campaign finance decision of the United States Supreme Court.

Question 33

mid-term election

Answer 33

A midterm election refers to a type of election where the people can elect their representatives and other subnational officeholders in the middle of the term of the executive.

Question 34

Negative ad

Answer 34

In political campaigns, an attack ad is an advertisement whose message is designed to wage a personal attack against an opposing candidate or political party in order to gain support for the attacking candidate and attract voters.

Question 35

Open Primary

Answer 35

a primary election in which voters are not required to declare party affiliation.

Question 36

Political action committee (PAC)

Answer 36

In the United States and Canada, a political action committee is a 527 organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaigns for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation.

Question 37

Pollster

Answer 37

a person who conducts or analyzes opinion polls.

Question 38

Positive Ad

Answer 38

advertising on behalf of a candidate that stresses the candidate’s qualifications, family, and issue positions, without reference to the opponent.

Question 39

presidential coattails

Answer 39

these occur when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the president’s party because they support the president.

Question 40

press secretary

Answer 40

The White House Press Secretary is a senior White House official whose primary responsibility is to act as spokesperson for the executive branch of the United States government administration, especially with regard to the President, senior executives, and policies.

Question 41

primary election

Answer 41

A primary election is the process by which voters, either the general public (open primary) or members of a political party (closed primary), can indicate their preference for a candidate in an upcoming general election or by-election, thus narrowing the field of candidates.

Question 42

prospective judgment

Answer 42

a voter’s evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected.

Question 43

public funds

Answer 43

Public fund refers to the funds of every political division of a state wherein taxes are levied for public purposes. The term public fund also covers: 1. the revenue or money of a government, state, or municipal corporation.

Question 44

reapportionment

Answer 44

the process by which congressional districts are redrawn and seats are redistributed among states in the house. reapportionment occurs every ten years, when census data reports shifts in the population of districts.

Question 45

recall

Answer 45

bring (a fact, event, or situation) back into one’s mind; remember.

Question 46

referendum

Answer 46

A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new law. In some countries, it is synonymous with a plebiscite or a vote on a ballot question.

Question 47

retrospective judgment

Answer 47

a voter’s evaluation of the performance of the party in power.

Question 48

runoff primary

Answer 48

second primary election held in some states to decide which of the two highest candidates for an office in the first primary will be awarded the party nomination.

Question 49

super PAC

Answer 49

a type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates.

Question 50

turnout

Answer 50

the number of people attending or taking part in an event, especially the number of people voting in an election.

Question 51

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 51

A political leader of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; one of the Founding Fathers; the leader of the Democratic-Republican party. Jefferson was principal author of the Declaration of Independence and served as president from 1801 to 1809, between John Adams and James Madison.

Question 52

unconventional political participation

Answer 52

Unconventional participation that involves assembling crowds to confront businesses and local governments to demand a hearing. … Few people realize that using the court system is a form of political participation, a way for citizens to press for their rights in a democratic society.

Question 53

voter canvass

Answer 53

A modern election canvass is conducted either by a candidate, volunteers, or by paid canvassers. The canvassers are given lists known as canvass sheets (or access to a canvassing app) or in the UK as reading pads. These are a list of households to be contacted, generated from a voter database.