APES Unit 2 Unit Test Review

Question 1

Dilution Effect

Answer 1

The idea that higher biodiversity reduces the risk of disease transmission by diluting the pool of hosts that can spread pathogens.

Question 2

Land Fragmentation

Answer 2

Breaking up large areas of habitat, affecting species diversity and disease dynamics.

Question 3

Edge Effect

Answer 3

Ecological changes at the boundary of fragmented habitats. Can alter environmental conditions, such as temperature, light, and wind exposure.

Question 4

Reservoir Competence

Answer 4

The ability of a host to carry and transmit a disease.

Question 5

Specialist Species

Answer 5

Organisms with a narrow ecological niche.

Question 6

Generalist Species

Answer 6

Species that thrive in a wide range of environments.

Question 7

Species-Area Relationship

Answer 7

Larger areas support more species.

Question 8

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 8

Speciation due to geographic isolation.

Question 8

Wildlife Corridors

Answer 8

Structures that connect fragmented habitats, allowing species movement.

Question 8

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 8

Speciation occurring without geographic separation.

Question 9

Modes of Selection

Answer 9

Stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection.

Question 10

Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972)

Answer 10

U.S. law that prohibits the hunting and harassment of marine mammals to protect their populations and habitats.

Question 11

Endangered Species Act (1973)

Answer 11

U.S. law aimed at protecting threatened and endangered species and their habitats from extinction.

Question 12

Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography

Answer 12

The balance between species immigration and extinction on islands.

Question 13

Evolution

Answer 13

The process by which species change over time, driven by natural selection and genetic drift.

Question 14

Coevolution

Answer 14

The process where two or more species influence each other’s evolution through reciprocal adaptations over time

Question 15

Natural Selection

Answer 15

The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Question 16

Genetic Drift

Answer 16

Random changes in the genetic composition of a population​.

Question 17

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 17

A sharp reduction in the size of a population, leading to decreased genetic diversity.

Question 18

Founder Effect

Answer 18

When a new population is started by a small number of individuals, leading to reduced genetic diversity.

Question 19

Range of Tolerance

Answer 19

The range of environmental conditions that an organism can withstand.

Question 20

Island Biogeography

Answer 20

The study of the species composition and species richness on islands.

Question 21

Microevolution

Answer 21

Small-scale evolutionary changes within a species or population, often resulting from processes like natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift.

Question 22

Macroevolution

Answer 22

Large-scale evolutionary changes that occur over long periods, leading to the emergence of new species and higher taxonomic groups.

Question 23

Biodiversity

Answer 23

Variety of life in the world or a particular habitat, crucial for ecosystem stability.

Question 24

Forest Fragmentation

Answer 24

Breaking up large forest areas, affecting species distribution and increasing habitat edges.

Question 25

Lyme Disease

Answer 25

A bacterial infection transmitted by tick bites, linked to forest fragmentation.

Question 26

3 Things Needed for Evolution

Answer 26

Variation, Differential Reproduction, and Hereditary

Question 27

Whale Pump

Answer 27

Whales Eat, Whales Poop, Nutrients Help Life, Cycle Continues