APES Test 3 Populations

Question 1

Generalist species

Answer 1

live in a variety of environments, eat a variety of foods, broad ecological tolerance for environmental conditions, have an advantage when the environment changes

Question 2

specialist species

Answer 2

require a specific habitat
limited diet
narrow ecological tolerance for environmental conditions
have an advantage in constant habitats

Question 3

K selected species

Answer 3

tend to be large
have few offspring/reproduction event
expend significant energy for each offspring
mature after many years of parental care; have long life spans
reproduce more than once in their life
live in stable environments

Question 4

r selected species

Answer 4

tend to be small
have many offspring
expend or invest minimal energy for each offspring
mature early; have short life spans
may reproduce only once in their lifetime
are able to thrive in disturbed environments

Question 5

r and k species, general rules

Answer 5

r = generalist, k = specialist
Specialists typically live in areas where there is less competition and it makes sense to put extra energy into offspring; but this is a rule of thumb at best

many are in between, or lean towards one rather than being alll the way to one side

Question 6

Carrying Capacity

Answer 6

Defined broadly as the number of organisms that an ecosystem can support of any one particular species
Eg. the theoretical maximum population size

Question 7

Biotic Potential

Answer 7

The reproductive potential of a population- eg. how quickly can a population grow, when left unchecked?

Question 8

Overshoot

Answer 8

Population exceeds carrying capacity- usually followed by correction (collapse)- decrease in births, increase in deaths

Question 9

Reaching Carrying Capacity- K (Population Equilibrium)

Answer 9

Population Equilibrium defined as Birth Rate= Death Rate
No population growth or decline
In a functional ecosystem, population equilibrium is reached at carrying capacity

Question 10

Limiting/Regulating Factors (Biological Resistance Factors)
Density Dependent

Answer 10

Typically (but not exclusively) biotic
Food
Water
Shelter
Nest Sites
Interspecific Relationships
Nutrients

Question 11

Limiting/Regulating Factors (Biological Resistance Factors)
Density Independent

Answer 11

Typically abiotic or human caused
Volcanoes or other natural disasters
Pollution
Extreme Weather Events
Climatic Shifts

Question 12

Carrying capacity can change

Answer 12

environment can change, degrading carryign capcaity
ex. carrying capcity of moose was decreased because of increased presence of ticks because of warmer temperatures

Question 13

Survivorship Curves

Answer 13

Depict death in a population as a function of age
Lifespan is more complex than a mean/median, as many organisms experience steep die offs early in life with several long lived individuals

Question 14

Survivorship Curves: Type I

Answer 14

Most individuals survive to advanced age

Typically K species

Question 15

Survivorship Curves: Type II

Answer 15

Relatively constant rate of death over time; death is relatively age independent

Could be r or K species

Question 16

Survivorship Curves: Type III

Answer 16

Significant early die off, with a few individuals making it to advanced (and reproductive) age

Typically r selected species

Question 17

(Crude) death rate:

Answer 17

Deaths/population (x 1,000)

Question 18

(Crude) birth rate:

Answer 18

Births/population (x 1,000)

Question 19

Population Growth Rate:

Answer 19

Birth Rate- Death Rate

Question 20

Future Population

Answer 20

Population x Annual Growth Rate ^ number of years

Question 21

Population Doubling Time (also works for halving time)

Answer 21

70/Population Growth Rate (as %) (assumes stable growth)

Question 22

growth rate with real world constraints

Answer 22

Growth Rate: ((Births + Immigrants) - (Deaths + Emigrants))/ Population

Question 23

pre reproductive

Answer 23

under 15

Question 24

reproductive

Answer 24

15-45

Question 25

post reproductive

Answer 25

over 45

Question 26

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Answer 26

Average number of children born per female in childbearing years (15-45)
Worldwide average 2.5
Developing Countries: Up to 6
Developed Countries: Replacement Fertility: ~2 (* replacement fertility rate may be higher than 2 if death rates are high)

Question 27

why is replacement fertility 2.1 instead of 2?

Answer 27

mortality
GET SPECIFICS, CHECK THIS ANSWER

Question 28

Female Empowerment and TFR

Answer 28

Strong association between education and TFR
TFR < replacement level in most developed economies. Is this a cause for concern? Or a chance for environmental and natural resource relief?
If developed countries want to increase birth rates for economic reasons, they must balance the challenges of having children in an equitable way without harming social and economic mobility

Question 29

Human Population Dynamics in modern times

Answer 29

Birth and Death Rates alter human population dynamics
Population growth rates have declined worldwide, but especially in developed countries
Death rates have also dropped, as healthcare has improved
Widening the gap between birth and death rates drives populations up

Question 30

Demographic Transition Model

Answer 30

As societies advance, growth rate declines

Typically birth and death rates decline, stabilizing populations

Question 31

Demographic Transition Model: Stage 1

Answer 31

Birth AND Death rates high
Population grows logistically and reaches carrying capacity, based on food supply
Population fluctuates as a result of natural events and disasters
NO access to healthcare or Family Planning Resources
No countries currently in stage 1- some rural areas may follow stage 1 paradigm

Question 32

Malthusian Theory

Answer 32

Think of this as carrying capacity concepts, but applied to human populations-
Populations grow and falla according to natural resources and conditions (eg. density dependent and independent factors), especially food supply

Question 33

Demographic Transition Model: Stage 2

Answer 33

Increase in population due primarily to fall in death rates while birth rates remain elevated, exponential growth
Improvements in food supply and public health
Does not follow malthusian theory
Most of Sub-Saharan Africa is in this stage

Question 34

Demographic Transition Model: Stage 3

Answer 34

Death rates remain low, but birth rates also decline; populations may be nearing replacement fertility.
Female access to education and family planning resources
Egypt, Philippines, Mexico

Question 35

Demographic Transition Model: Stage 4

Answer 35

Population is at replacement fertility (or below- some debate about adding Stage 5 to model)
Women have access to family planning resources and focus on careers
Disease is low and healthcare is excellent