APES Midterm Memorize

Question 1

(Crude) death rate

Answer 1

Deaths/population (x 1,000) (deaths per 1000 people)

Question 2

(Crude) birth rate

Answer 2

Births/population (x 1,000) (births per 1000 people)

Question 3

Population Doubling Time (also works for halving time):

Answer 3

70/Population Growth Rate (as %) (assumes stable growth)

Question 4

Growth rate with real world constraints:

Answer 4

Growth Rate: ((Births + Immigrants) - (Deaths + Emigrants))/ Population

Question 5

DEciduous forest (temperate and tropical)

Answer 5

75-250cm, rich soil with high organic content
Hardwood trees
North America, Europe Australia, and Eastern Asia

Question 6

Tropical rainforest

Answer 6

200-500cm, poor quality soil
Tall trees with few limbs, vines, epiphytes, plants,adapted to low light intensity
South America, West Africa, and Southeast Asia

Question 7

Grasslands

Answer 7

10-60cm, rich soil
Sod-forming grasses
North American plains, prairie, and savanna; Russian steppes; South African velds; Argentinean pampas

Question 8

Coniferous forest (taiga)

Answer 8

20-60cm – mostly in summer, soil is acidic due to vegetation
Coniferous trees
Northern North America, Northern Eurasia

Question 9

Tundra

Answer 9

Less than 25 cm, soil is permafrost
Herbaceous plants
The northern latitudes of North America, Europe, and Russia

Question 10

Chaparral (scrub forest or shrubland)

Answer 10

50-75cm – mostly in winter, soil is shallow and infertile
Small trees with large hard evergreen eaves, spiny shrubs
Western North America, the Mediterranean region

Question 11

Deserts (cold and hot)

Answer 11

Less than 25 cm, soil has a coarse texture (i.e., sandy)
Cactus, other low-water adapted plants
30 degrees north and south of the equator

Question 12

Temperate rainforest

Answer 12

Over 140cm, soil richer than that in tropical rainforest
Coniferous and broadleaf trees, epiphytes, mosses, ferns, and shrubs
North America, South America, South Africa, Europe, Russia, Northeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand

Question 13

Savanna

Answer 13

10-30cm almost all in rainy season, soil is porous and has only a thin layer of humus
Grasses with more widely spaced trees
Australia, South America, India, and half of Afric

Question 14

Demographic Transition Model: Stage 1

Answer 14

Birth AND Death rates high
Population grows logistically and reaches carrying capacity, based on food supply
Population fluctuates as a result of natural events and disasters
NO access to healthcare or Family Planning Resources
No countries currently in stage 1- some rural areas may follow stage 1 paradigm

Question 15

Demographic Transition Model: Stage 2

Answer 15

Increase in population due primarily to fall in death rates while birth rates remain elevated, exponential growth
Birth rates remain high due to cultural or religious traditions and lack of education for women
Improvements in food supply and public health
Rapid population growth
Does not follow malthusian theory
Most of Sub-Saharan Africa is in this stage

Question 16

Demographic Transition Model: Stage 3

Answer 16

Population growth is still fairly high, but birth rate drops, becoming similar to death rate
Death rates remain low, but birth rates also decline; populations may be nearing replacement fertility.
Many developing countries are currently in the industrial state – tend to have higher infant mortality rates and more children in the workforce than developed countries
Female access to education and family planning resources
Egypt, Philippines, Mexico

Question 17

Demographic Transition Model: Stage 4

Answer 17

The population approaches and reaches a zero growth rate
Population is at replacement fertility (or below- some debate about adding Stage 5 to model)
Women have access to family planning resources and focus on careers
Disease is low and healthcare is excellent