APES Test 1 Part 3

Question 1

Islands have ecological communities that mimic the mainland

Answer 1

Similarities decrease with distance
Specialist species dominate islands that are far from mainland
Species come to island, its hard, don’t go back, then adapt and evolve to environment over time, specialize
Species richness decreases as distance from mainland increase
Fewer things can make it there
Island ecosystems are more vulnerable to invasion by generalists introduced by humans
They evolved without these generalist species, very vulnerable cause environment is very diff and animals are more specialized

Question 2

Colonization and Exctinction

Answer 2

Close to mainland- higher rate of immigration
Large islands- lower rate of extinction
Smaller islands that are more isolated are more vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbance
Founder effect: Lower genetic diversity
When species colonize a new place, only a few go, lot of inbreeding, not very much diversity, very low genetic diversity

Question 3

stages of primary succession

Answer 3

bare rock, lichens, small annual plants and lichens, grasses and perennials, grasses and shrubs and shade-intolerant trees such as pines, shade-tolerant trees such as ok and hickory

Question 4

5 stages of ecological succession

Answer 4

Nudation, Invasion, Competition and Co-action, Reaction, and Climax or Stabilization.

Question 5

adaptation that helps grasses succeed in grasslands rather than forests

Answer 5

can survive on low precipitation rates, an store nutrients in their roots

Question 6

negative parts of aquaculture

Answer 6

dumps chemicals into fragile coastal waters, destroying local ecosystems