Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APES > APES 7,8, & 9 > Flashcards

APES 7,8, & 9 Flashcards

1
Q

most common form of expressing pollutants

A

ppm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the six criteria air pollutants

A

ozone (O3)
particulate matter (PM)
carbon monoxide (CO)
lead (Pb)
Sulfure dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

gray smog

A

sulfur-based industrial smog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

carbon monoxide sources

A

incomplete combustion of fuels
natural: volcanoes, fires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lead sources

A

paint chips
smelting of metals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

NOx sources

A

automobiles
burning of fossil fuels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

NOx gases react to form what two things

A

acid rain
tropospheric ozone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what forms photochemical smog

A

NOx & VOCs reacting in the presence of sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

VOCs stand for…

A

volatile organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

two ways that ozone is produced

A

UV reacting with NOx (released by vehicles) which causes oxygen atoms to react with O2 gas, resulting in ozone
VOCs react with NOx to produce PANs & O3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

PANs

A

peroxyacyl nitrates
secondary pollutants that form in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how are PANs produced

A

VOCs reacting with NOx in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sulfur oxides (SOx) sources

A

burning of fossil fuels
motor vehicles
natural: volcanoes, marshes, forest fires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how to reduce SO2

A

washing coal, using scrubbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

PMx sources

A

burning of fossil fuels
incineration of wastes
soil erosion (desertification, deforestation)
vehicle exhaust
natural: dust storms, fires, volcanoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the smaller & lighter the PMx particle, the (shorter/longer) it will stay in the air

A

longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what can contribute to sick building syndrome

A

VOCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

thermal inversion layers vs normal layer

A

cool air - warm air - cold air
warmer air - cooler air - cold air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

thermal inversion commonly occurs when: (morning/night)

A

night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

a permanent inversion layer occurs where

A

over Antarctica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

SBS stands for…

A

sick building syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

asbestos

A

indoor air pollutant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

most common type of fatal indoor air poisoning

A

carbon monoxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

effects of breathing in CO

A

carbon monoxide easily combines with hemoglobin to block the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

formaldehyde

A

indoor air pollutant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what do POPs stand for

A

persistent organic pollutants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

example of a POP

A

radon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

radon

A

indoor air pollutant
often beneath buildings or in building material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

tobacco smoke

A

indoor air pollutant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

catalytic converter

A

exhaust emission control device that converts toxic chemicals in the exhaust of an internal-combustion engine into less harmful substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

downside of a catalytic converter

A

do not reduce CO2 emissions & release N2O (nitrous oxides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

clean air act

A

designer to control air pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

dry deposition

A

in areas where weather is dry, chemicals in the air may be incorporated into dust & smoke and stick to the ground, buildings, cars, trees & then be washed from these surfaces, leading to acidic runoff.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

wet deposition is also known as

A

acid rain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how is acid rain formed due to sulfur dioxide (SO2)

A

SO2 is introduced into the atmosphere where it combines with water vapor (H2O). This produced sulfurous acid which combines with oxygen to form sulfuric acid (acid rain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how is acid rain formed due to nitrous dioxide (NO2)

A

NO2 combines with water vapor to produce nitric acid

37
Q

thermal pollution

A

the degradation of water quality by any process that changes water temperature

38
Q

highest source of ocean pollutants

A

sewage

39
Q

epiphytes

A

organisms that grow on other organisms but do not harm or benefit the host.

40
Q

cultural eutrophication

A

human activity increases the amount of nutrients entering surface waters

41
Q

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch

A

system of rotating ocean currents of marine litter & is characterized by floating plastics, chemicals, & other debris

42
Q

Gulf of Mexico deadzone is a result of what

A

excess nutrients from the Mississippi River
results in stratification (warm & cold water)
prevents the mixing of oxygen-rich with oxygen-poor water `

43
Q

what is the effect of heat produced by industry & power plants discharging into water ways

A

reduces the water’s ability to hold oxygen & kills organisms that cannot tolerate heat/low-oxygen levels

44
Q

___% of people in the U.S. depend on groundwater

A

50%

45
Q

what are POPs

A

chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT)
organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation. Affect the nervous system of pests as pesticides

46
Q

adsorption

A

when one substance just hangs on to the outside of another

47
Q

flocculation sedimentation

A

process that combines small particles into larger particles that then settle out the water as sediment

48
Q

at what temperature is fresh water most dense

A

4 degrees Celsius 40 degrees F

49
Q

mangrove

A

shrub or small tree that grows in brackish water. Mangroves evolved a salt filtration system

50
Q

how is brackish water formed

A

seawater mixing with freshwater in estuaries

51
Q

thermal shock

A

when water is used as a coolant & returns to its natural source at a higher temperature (also containing less oxygen, since warmer water cant hold much oxygen)
affects organisms

52
Q

an aquatic system with 0% dissolved oxygen is called…

A

anaerobic

53
Q

DO concentrations of 1-30% is called

A

hypoxic

54
Q

healthy aquatic system has a DO percentage of..

A

more than 80%

55
Q

aquatic plant growth rates are increased by (colder/warmer) water

A

warmer

leads to short life spans, overpopulation, algae blooms (which leads to reduced DO concentrations)

56
Q

resource conservation & recovery act (RCRA)

A

encouraged states to develop plans to manage industrial solid & municipal wastes. Set criteria for landfills & disposable facilities

57
Q

comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act (CERCLA-SUPERFUND)

A

provided authority for the federal government to respond to releases of possible hazardous substances. Established rules for closed & abandoned hazardous waste cities & created a trust fund for cleanup if responsible parties for contaminated sites could not be located

58
Q

municipal solid waste

A

trash or garbage

59
Q

teratogens

A

substances found in the environment that cause birth defects

60
Q

reactive wastes

A

wastes that are unstable under normal conditions

61
Q

landfill capping

A

containment technology that forms a barrier between the contaminated media & the surface

62
Q

brownfield

A

land previously used for industrial or commercial purposes (may have been contaminated with hazardous wastes). Cleaned up land use for housing, retail, or industrial uses again

63
Q

closed-loop recycling

A

waste is used to make the same product

64
Q

open-loop recycling

A

waste is used to make a new product

65
Q

septic system process

A

underground tank & drain field
wastewater enters a tank to allow solids to settle while anaerobic bacteria digests the settled solids. The excess liquid leaves the tank & moves through a pipe to a leach field where the water percolates into the soil

66
Q

LD50

A

dose required to kill half of the members of a tested population after a specific time

67
Q

threshold dose level

A

the point at which toxicity first appears

68
Q

acute health effects

A

caused by rapid, severe, & sudden exposures to a substance
single large exposure

69
Q

chronic health effects

A

caused by prolonged & repeated exposures over time
symptoms may not immediately be apparent

70
Q

mesothelioma

A

cancer found in lining around the lungs, stomach, heart, or testicles
caused by exposure of asbestos

71
Q

cholera

A

acute disease with watery diarrhea caused by ingestion of food/water contaminated with a specific bacterium

72
Q

plague

A

caused by bacteria

73
Q

malaria

A

caused by a parasite through the bites of infected female mosquitos

74
Q

MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)

A

illness caused by a virus

75
Q

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

A

caused by a coronavirus

76
Q

the ozone is thicker in the (spring/fall) and thinner in the (spring/fall)

A

spring, fall

77
Q

during which season does ozone depletion occur

A

winter

78
Q

what causes ozone depletion

A

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or halocarbons (halons)

79
Q

what do chlorofluorocarbons contain

A

chorine fluorine carbon

80
Q

where do chlorofluorocarbons come from

A

aerosol sprays, solvents, refrigerants (air conditioners)

81
Q

primary source of N2O emissions

A

fertilizer

82
Q

sequestration

A

storage

83
Q

kyoto protocol

A

plan created by the UN to reduce the effects of climate change. U.S. initially agreed but then rejected it

84
Q

doha amendment to the Kyoto protocol

A

participating countries committed to reducing emissions by at least 18% below 1990 levels

85
Q

montreal protocol

A

international treaty designed to phase out the production of substances responsible for ozone depletion

86
Q

Paris agreement

A

deals with greenhouse gas emissions & mitigation

87
Q

what causes ocean acidification

A

CO2 reacting with seawater

88
Q

Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (CITES)

A

Ensures that international trade in specimens of wild animals & plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wind.

89
Q

Endangered species act (ESA)

A

Designed to protect endangered species

APES (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions