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APES > APES 2 & 3 > Flashcards

APES 2 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

are disturbances in the habitat (fires, storms, etc.) diversity increasers or decreasers

A

increasers

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2
Q

are introduction of species from other areas diversity increasers or decreasers

A

decreasers

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3
Q

population bottleneck

A

large reduction in the size of a single population due to a catastrophic event (disease, drought, fire) As a result of the smaller population, there is less genetic diversity

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4
Q

minimum viable population size

A

possible size a population can exist without facing extinction from a natural disaster

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5
Q

how much have average global temperatures risen over the last 100 years

A

1.5 degrees Fahrenheit

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6
Q

species richness

A

number of different species represented in an ecological community or region

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7
Q

which region has high diversity and which region has low diversity (poles/equator)

A

equator has high species richness/diversity
poles have low species richness/diversity

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8
Q

cultural ecosystem services

A

spiritual & recreational benefits

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9
Q

provisioning ecosystem services

A

production of food & water

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10
Q

regulating ecosystem services

A

control of climate & disease

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11
Q

supporting ecosystem services

A

nutrient cycles & crop pollination

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12
Q

the edges of habitats have (more/less) species & why

A

less species because species that thrive in the interior of a habitat can fail to find food or reproduce near the edge & some may face more predators near the edges

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13
Q

what is the main threat to terrestrial biodiversity

A

habitat fragmentation

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14
Q

what is island biogeography used to predict

A

biodiversity & extinction rates in habitat fragmentation on the continents

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15
Q

30% of sea level change is due to _________
30% of sea level change is due to _________
40% of sea level change is due to _________

A

melting of glaciers & ice sheets on land
thermal expansion
coastal land subsidence (sinking)

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16
Q

The American Pika

A

their cold habitats are being destroyed and they have nowhere to go. Global warming is occurring at a faster rate than adaptation & natural selection

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17
Q

facilitation

A

when one species modifies an environment to the extent that it meets the needs of another species

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18
Q

inhibition

A

when one species modifies the environment to an extent that is not suitable for another species

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19
Q

pioneer animals have (low/high) biomass

A

low

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20
Q

biomass early successional stage vs late successional stage

A

limited biomass in the early successional stage, high in the late successional stage (except in deserts)

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21
Q

consumption of soil nutrients early successional stage vs late successional stage

A

high consumption during early successional stage, low consumption during late successional stage

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22
Q

life span of seeds early successional stage vs late successional stage

A

long during early successional stage, short during late successional stage

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23
Q

Net Primary Productivity early successional stage vs late successional stage

A

High during early successional stage, low during late successional stage

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24
Q

why is net productivity high during the beginning of succession

A

gross productivity is low due to the initial environmental conditions & low numbers of producers but the proportion of energy lost through community respiration is also low, so net productivity is high

(during the end, GP may be high and so will respiration, so the next productivity approaches 0)

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25
Q

examples of indicator species

A

lichens (indicate air pollution), mosses (indicate acidic soils), sludge worms (indicate oxygen-poor water)

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26
Q

what survivorship curve are r-strategists

A

type III

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27
Q

what survivorship curve are k-strategists

A

type I or II

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28
Q

Type I survivorship curve

A

late loss

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29
Q

type II survivorship curve

A

constant loss (individuals in all age categories have fairly uniform death rates, with predation being the primary cause of death)

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30
Q

what is carrying capacity represented by

A

K

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31
Q

which dispersal pattern (random, uniform, or clumped) occurs in habitats where environmental conditions & resources are consistent

A

random

32
Q

biotic potential

A

maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under optimum environmental conditions

33
Q

are J-curves density dependent or density independent & why

A

density independent because the regulation of the growth rate is not tied to the population density until the resources are exhausted & the population growth rate crashes

34
Q

what happens during a J-curve

A

population density of an organism increases rapidly in an exponential to logarithmic form but then stops abruptly as environmental resistance or other factors impact the population growth

35
Q

are S-curves density dependent or density independent & why

A

density dependent because the growth rate depends on the number of organisms in the population

36
Q

what happens during an S-curve

A

the population density of an organism initially increases slowly but then stabilizes dye ti the finite amount of resources available

37
Q

positive feedback loop

A

stimulates change
(part of a system increases, another part increases the first part even more)

38
Q

negative feedback loop

A

provides stability

39
Q

Liebig’s law of the minimum

A

even if all other factors are favorable, the one that is less favorable will dictate the growth, abundance, or distribution of the population of a species

40
Q

example of a density-independent limiting factor

A

droughts, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc.

41
Q

doubling time formula

A

dt = 70/r

42
Q

a population has a 2% annual growth rate, what would the doubling time be?

A

35 years

43
Q

birth rate (%) formula

A

(total births/total population) x 100

44
Q

crude birth rate (CBR) formula

A

(births/population) x 1000

45
Q

crude death rate (CDR) formula

A

(deaths/population) x 1000

46
Q

death rate (%) formula

A

(total deaths/total population) x 100

47
Q

global population growth rate (%) formula

A

(CBR - CDR)/10

48
Q

national population growth rate formula

A

[(CBR + immigration) - (CDR + emigration)]/10

49
Q

percent rate of change formula

A

[(new # - old #)/old#] x 100

50
Q

population density formula

A

total population size/total area

51
Q

population growth rate (%)

A

[(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)]/total population x 100

52
Q

how did India combat a growing population

A

by requiring a mandatory sterilization program involving vasectomies. Condoms are free from the Indian government

53
Q

where are low-level radioactive wastes stored

A

buried deep underground

54
Q

in nuclear fission, energy is released when this subatomic particle strikes a large atomic nucleus
a) a neutron
b) a proton
c) an electron
d) a quark

A

a) a neutron

55
Q

which of the following are found in both nuclear and coal-fired power plants?
a) a generator, a turbine, and a cooling tower
b) a turbine, a generator, and control rods
c) a cooling tower, generator, and containment structure
d) a turbine, control rods, and fuel rods

A

a) a generator, a turbine, and a cooling tower

56
Q

which of the following are only found in nuclear power plants?
a) a generator, a turbine, and cooling tower
b) a turbine, a generator, and control rods
c) control rods, fuel rods, and a containment structure
d) a cooling tower, generator, and a containment structure

A

c) control rods, fuel rods, and a containment structure

57
Q

population momentum

A

younger individuals mature & have children of their own

58
Q

total fertility rate (TFR)

A

average number of children that each woman will have during her lifetime

59
Q

which country has the highest total fertility rate?

A

Niger

60
Q

when did the greatest TFR occur?

A

post World-War II (baby boomers)

61
Q

frontier worldview

A

earth to be exploited for its resources

62
Q

planetary management worldview

A

our success depends on how well we manage Earth’s life-supporting systems mostly for our own benefit

63
Q

earth wisdom worldview

A

belief that nature exists for all species on Earth and we are not in charge of earth; resources are limited and should not be wasted

64
Q

what is the human population growth rate

A

1.2%

65
Q

demographic transition

A

transition from high birth & death rates to lower birth & death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system

66
Q

what does demographic transition lead to

A

a stabilized population growth in the more highly developed countries

67
Q

which gas is the most abundant gas in the earth’s stratosphere?

A

nitrogen gas

68
Q

what is the approximate amount of water stored in glaciers & ice caps

A

2%

69
Q

divergent evolution

A

two new species are made

70
Q

arable land

A

land suitable for farming

71
Q

which country has the largest petroleum reserves

A

Venezuela

72
Q

type of coal that emits fewer pollutants & is energy-dense

A

anthracite

73
Q

which of the following is produced solely from the ancient remains of photosynthetic organisms
a) biofuel
b) petroleum
c) natural gas
d) coal

A

coal

74
Q

which country has the highest coal reserves

A

United States

75
Q

easter island

A

settlers were presented with renewable resources but quickly depleted them as they used them at an unsustainable rate

76
Q

which irrigation method would lead to the most salinization

A

furrow irrigation

77
Q

what is greywater

A

used water from household or business activities

APES (5 decks)

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