APES 2 & 3 Flashcards
are disturbances in the habitat (fires, storms, etc.) diversity increasers or decreasers
increasers
are introduction of species from other areas diversity increasers or decreasers
decreasers
population bottleneck
large reduction in the size of a single population due to a catastrophic event (disease, drought, fire) As a result of the smaller population, there is less genetic diversity
minimum viable population size
possible size a population can exist without facing extinction from a natural disaster
how much have average global temperatures risen over the last 100 years
1.5 degrees Fahrenheit
species richness
number of different species represented in an ecological community or region
which region has high diversity and which region has low diversity (poles/equator)
equator has high species richness/diversity
poles have low species richness/diversity
cultural ecosystem services
spiritual & recreational benefits
provisioning ecosystem services
production of food & water
regulating ecosystem services
control of climate & disease
supporting ecosystem services
nutrient cycles & crop pollination
the edges of habitats have (more/less) species & why
less species because species that thrive in the interior of a habitat can fail to find food or reproduce near the edge & some may face more predators near the edges
what is the main threat to terrestrial biodiversity
habitat fragmentation
what is island biogeography used to predict
biodiversity & extinction rates in habitat fragmentation on the continents
30% of sea level change is due to _________
30% of sea level change is due to _________
40% of sea level change is due to _________
melting of glaciers & ice sheets on land
thermal expansion
coastal land subsidence (sinking)
The American Pika
their cold habitats are being destroyed and they have nowhere to go. Global warming is occurring at a faster rate than adaptation & natural selection
facilitation
when one species modifies an environment to the extent that it meets the needs of another species
inhibition
when one species modifies the environment to an extent that is not suitable for another species
pioneer animals have (low/high) biomass
low
biomass early successional stage vs late successional stage
limited biomass in the early successional stage, high in the late successional stage (except in deserts)
consumption of soil nutrients early successional stage vs late successional stage
high consumption during early successional stage, low consumption during late successional stage
life span of seeds early successional stage vs late successional stage
long during early successional stage, short during late successional stage
Net Primary Productivity early successional stage vs late successional stage
High during early successional stage, low during late successional stage
why is net productivity high during the beginning of succession
gross productivity is low due to the initial environmental conditions & low numbers of producers but the proportion of energy lost through community respiration is also low, so net productivity is high
(during the end, GP may be high and so will respiration, so the next productivity approaches 0)
examples of indicator species
lichens (indicate air pollution), mosses (indicate acidic soils), sludge worms (indicate oxygen-poor water)
what survivorship curve are r-strategists
type III
what survivorship curve are k-strategists
type I or II
Type I survivorship curve
late loss
type II survivorship curve
constant loss (individuals in all age categories have fairly uniform death rates, with predation being the primary cause of death)
what is carrying capacity represented by
K
which dispersal pattern (random, uniform, or clumped) occurs in habitats where environmental conditions & resources are consistent
random
biotic potential
maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under optimum environmental conditions
are J-curves density dependent or density independent & why
density independent because the regulation of the growth rate is not tied to the population density until the resources are exhausted & the population growth rate crashes
what happens during a J-curve
population density of an organism increases rapidly in an exponential to logarithmic form but then stops abruptly as environmental resistance or other factors impact the population growth
are S-curves density dependent or density independent & why
density dependent because the growth rate depends on the number of organisms in the population
what happens during an S-curve
the population density of an organism initially increases slowly but then stabilizes dye ti the finite amount of resources available
positive feedback loop
stimulates change
(part of a system increases, another part increases the first part even more)
negative feedback loop
provides stability
Liebig’s law of the minimum
even if all other factors are favorable, the one that is less favorable will dictate the growth, abundance, or distribution of the population of a species
example of a density-independent limiting factor
droughts, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc.
doubling time formula
dt = 70/r
a population has a 2% annual growth rate, what would the doubling time be?
35 years
birth rate (%) formula
(total births/total population) x 100
crude birth rate (CBR) formula
(births/population) x 1000
crude death rate (CDR) formula
(deaths/population) x 1000
death rate (%) formula
(total deaths/total population) x 100
global population growth rate (%) formula
(CBR - CDR)/10
national population growth rate formula
[(CBR + immigration) - (CDR + emigration)]/10
percent rate of change formula
[(new # - old #)/old#] x 100
population density formula
total population size/total area
population growth rate (%)
[(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)]/total population x 100
how did India combat a growing population
by requiring a mandatory sterilization program involving vasectomies. Condoms are free from the Indian government
where are low-level radioactive wastes stored
buried deep underground
in nuclear fission, energy is released when this subatomic particle strikes a large atomic nucleus
a) a neutron
b) a proton
c) an electron
d) a quark
a) a neutron
which of the following are found in both nuclear and coal-fired power plants?
a) a generator, a turbine, and a cooling tower
b) a turbine, a generator, and control rods
c) a cooling tower, generator, and containment structure
d) a turbine, control rods, and fuel rods
a) a generator, a turbine, and a cooling tower
which of the following are only found in nuclear power plants?
a) a generator, a turbine, and cooling tower
b) a turbine, a generator, and control rods
c) control rods, fuel rods, and a containment structure
d) a cooling tower, generator, and a containment structure
c) control rods, fuel rods, and a containment structure
population momentum
younger individuals mature & have children of their own
total fertility rate (TFR)
average number of children that each woman will have during her lifetime
which country has the highest total fertility rate?
Niger
when did the greatest TFR occur?
post World-War II (baby boomers)
frontier worldview
earth to be exploited for its resources
planetary management worldview
our success depends on how well we manage Earth’s life-supporting systems mostly for our own benefit
earth wisdom worldview
belief that nature exists for all species on Earth and we are not in charge of earth; resources are limited and should not be wasted
what is the human population growth rate
1.2%
demographic transition
transition from high birth & death rates to lower birth & death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system
what does demographic transition lead to
a stabilized population growth in the more highly developed countries
which gas is the most abundant gas in the earth’s stratosphere?
nitrogen gas
what is the approximate amount of water stored in glaciers & ice caps
2%
divergent evolution
two new species are made
arable land
land suitable for farming
which country has the largest petroleum reserves
Venezuela
type of coal that emits fewer pollutants & is energy-dense
anthracite
which of the following is produced solely from the ancient remains of photosynthetic organisms
a) biofuel
b) petroleum
c) natural gas
d) coal
coal
which country has the highest coal reserves
United States
easter island
settlers were presented with renewable resources but quickly depleted them as they used them at an unsustainable rate
which irrigation method would lead to the most salinization
furrow irrigation
what is greywater
used water from household or business activities
