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APES 6 Flashcards

1
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

energy can be converted un form, but nit created nor destroyed

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2
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy can not created nor destroyed

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3
Q

where do detritivores get their energy

A

consuming dead organism matter

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4
Q

how is power measured

A

in watts

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5
Q

1 watt = ____ joule(s)/sec

A

1

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6
Q

1 kilowatt = ______ joules

A

1000

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7
Q

what is Btu

A

unit of energy used in the U.S.
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit

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8
Q

1 horsepower = _____ watts

A

746

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9
Q

what is a kWh used to measure

A

Kilowatt hour is a unit of power used to measure energy used at a given moment

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10
Q

kilo =

A

1,000 or 10^3

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11
Q

mega =

A

1,000,000 or 10^6

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12
Q

convergent evolution

A

when two unrelated species have evolved similar structures to take advantage of a niche in their ecosystem

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13
Q

what is peat & how is it formed

A

the accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter
forms when plant material does not fully decay in acidic & anaerobic conditions

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14
Q

where is peat found

A

wetlands (bogs & swamps)

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15
Q

most effective carbon sink on the planet

A

peat (bogs & swamps)

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16
Q

how is coal formed

A

when dead plant matter decays into peat & is then converted into coal by the heat & pressure of deep burial over millions of years

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17
Q

lignite coal & what is it used for

A

often called brown coal; most harmful to human health & used as a primary fuel for electric power generation

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18
Q

brown coal is also known as…

A

lignite

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19
Q

most harmful type of coal to human health

A

lignite

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20
Q

what is it bituminous coal used for

A

used as a fuel in steam-electric power generation

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21
Q

what is it anthracite coal used for

A

residential & commercial space heating

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22
Q

largest producer of coal

A

china

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23
Q

country with the largest coal reserves

A

United States

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24
Q

coal supplies ___% of the world’s energy

A

25%

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25
Q

what are some pollutants released into the air when coal is burned

A

carbon dioxide
nitrous oxides (NOx)
sulfur oxides (SOx)
particulates (PM)
heavy metals

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26
Q

scrubbers

A

systems that inject chemicals into a dirty exhaust stream to “wash out” acidic gases. Scrubbers can also be used to reduce SOx & particulates from burning coal

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27
Q

sorbents

A

activated charcoal, calcium compounds, or silicates that can convert gaseous pollutants in the smokestacks, such as mercury, into compounds that can then be collected with bathhouse filters, electrostatic precipitation, or scrubbers

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28
Q

carbon capture & storage (CCS)

A

pumps & stores CO2 underground

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29
Q

clean coal

A

technology that attempts to mitigate emissions of carbon dioxide & other greenhouse gases that arise from the burning of coal for electrical power

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30
Q

what is natural gas

A

methane (CH4)

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31
Q

how is natural gas formed

A

when layers of buried plants & gases are exposed to intense heat & pressure over thousands of years

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32
Q

what releases the most methane emissions

A

agriculture (livestock)

33
Q

natural gas supplies ___% of the world’s current energy needs

A

30%

34
Q

how is oil formed

A

decomposition of deeply buried organic material (plants) under high temperatures & pressures for millions of years

35
Q

petrochemicals

A

compounds derived from oil
used in paints, drugs, plastics

36
Q

main energy source for the U.S.

A

oil

37
Q

cogeneration

A

aka combined heat & power (CHP)
technology used to generate electricity & heat simultaneously at local facilities; otherwise heat produced from electricity generation is wasted

38
Q

country with the highest production of renewable energy

A

china

39
Q

law of supply

A

as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity of goods or services that suppliers offer will increase

40
Q

law of demand

A

if the price of something increases, it has a lower demand

41
Q

oil shale

A

organic-rich, fine-grained sedimentary rock containing a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds (kerogen) from which liquid hydrocarbons (shale oil) can be produced

42
Q

methane hydrates

A

methane locked in ice

43
Q

80% of the world’s shale oil is found where

A

in the U.S. (Wyoming’s Green River Foundation)

44
Q

in situ oil shale extraction

A

oil shale is not mined or crushed. It is heated while it is still underground, where various components are separated & extracted

45
Q

ex situ oil shale extraction

A

oil shale is first extracted from earth by surface or underground mining. Rock is then crushed or heated to release the shale oil

46
Q

synfuels

A

any fuel produced from coal, natural gas, or biomass through chemical conversion
can produce gasoline, diesel, or kerosene directly

47
Q

bitumen

A

a semi-solid oil that does not flow

48
Q

tar sands

A

contain bitumen
2/3 of the world’s total oil reserves

49
Q

country with the most tar sands

A

canada

50
Q

combustion of fossil fuels formula

A

fossil fuel + oxygen gas (O2) –> Carbon dioxide (CO2) + water + energy

51
Q

steps involved from fuels to electricity

A
  1. extracting thermal energy from the fuel & using it to raise steam
  2. converting the thermal energy of the steam to kinetic energy in the turbine
  3. using a rotary generator to convert the turbine’s mechanical energy into electrical energy
52
Q

what country produces the most nuclear power

A

the U.S.

53
Q

nuclear fission

A

an atom splits & the reaction gives off heat which is used to produce steam that turns generators that then produce electricity

54
Q

difference between U-235 & U-238

A

U-235 can produce a fission chain (self-sustaining) reaction

55
Q

critical mass

A

the minimum amount of U-235 required for a chain reaction

56
Q

most common isotope of uranium

A

U-238

57
Q

how is Pu-239 produced

A

in breeder reactors from U-238

58
Q

what country produces the highest percentage of its energy from nuclear reactors

A

france

59
Q

control rods

A

in nuclear plants that move in & out of the core to absorb neutrons & slow down the reaction

60
Q

Fukushima-Daiichi

A

nuclear reactor accident

61
Q

Three Mile Island

A

nuclear reactor accident

62
Q

biomass

A

biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms that can be burned in large incinerators to create steam that is used for generating electricity

63
Q

___% of the world’s renewable energy supply is derived from biomass

A

50%

64
Q

biogas

A

anaerobic digestion where microorganisms break down biodegradable material to produce methane gas which is then burned to produce energy

65
Q

biofuel

A

liquid fuel produced from living organisms
ex. ethanol

66
Q

example of a biofuel

A

ethanil

67
Q

which country most commonly uses biofuel

A

the U.S.

68
Q

is biofuel a renewable resource

A

yes

69
Q

passive solar heating design

A

doesnt include any type of mechanical heating device

70
Q

active solar heating system

A

generates more heat than passive systems & relies on solar collectors, solar storage systems, & a heat transfer system

71
Q

which continent uses the most solar energy

A

asia

72
Q

is hydrogen fuel a renewable energy source

A

no

73
Q

do hydrogen fuel cells run out

A

no

74
Q

waste product of hydrogen fuel cells

A

pure water

75
Q

country with the largest wind energy

A

china

76
Q

OPEC

A

organization of petroleum exporting countries

77
Q

nuclear fusion

A

conversion of nuclear energy to heat energy
used by the sun
produces helium

78
Q

What is enriched uranuum

A

Uranium that has a higher proportion of U-235 nuclei than normal

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