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APES > APES 4 & 5 > Flashcards

APES 4 & 5 Flashcards

1
Q

who proposed the continental drift theory?

A

Alfred Wegener

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2
Q

orogenic belt

A

when two plates collide & compress

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3
Q

what can be produced when a denser oceanic plate moves underneath a less dense continental plate

A

oceanic trench on the ocean side & mountain range on the continental side

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4
Q

example of a subduction zone when a denser oceanic plate moves underneath a less dense continental plate & forms an oceanic trench on the oceanic side & a mountain range on the continental side

A

Cascade Mountain Range

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5
Q

what is the space created by divergent boundaries filled with?

A

molten magma

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6
Q

what 2 things do divergent boundaries cause

A

massive fault zones in the oceanic ridge system & frequent oceanic earthquakes

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7
Q

2 examples of oceanic divergent boundaries

A

Mid-Atlantic Ridge & East Pacific Rise

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8
Q

example of a continental divergent boundary

A

East African Great Rift Valley

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9
Q

what is created when two oceanic plates converge

A

an island arc

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10
Q

2 examples of island arcs

A

Japan & Aleutian Islands in Alaska

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11
Q

example of a continental-continental plate convergence

A

Himalayas

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12
Q

example of a transform plate boundary

A

San Andreas Fault

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13
Q

Good soil composition (__% minerals __% organic matter, __% air, __% water

A

45% minerals 5% organic matter, 25% air, 25% water

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14
Q

loam soil composition (__% minerals __% organic matter, __% air, __% water

A

45% minerals 5% organic matter, 25% air, 25% water

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15
Q

O horizon

A

surface litter: leaves & partially decomposed organic debris. May be very thick in deciduous forests & very thin in tundra & desert

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16
Q

which soil horizon contains leaves & partially decomposed organic debris. May be very thick in deciduous forests & very thin in tundra & desert

A

O horizon

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17
Q

A horizon

A

topsoil: organic matter (humus), living organisms, inorganic minerals. The topsoil is typically very thick in grasslands

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18
Q

topsoil is typically very thick in what biome?

A

grasslands

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19
Q

which soil horizon contains

A

organic matter (humus), living organisms, inorganic minerals. The topsoil is typically very thick in grasslands

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20
Q

E horizon

A

zone of leaching: dissolved & suspended materials move downward

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21
Q

which horizon is the zone of leaching

A

E horizon

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22
Q

B horizon

A

subsoil: tends to be yellowish due to the accumulation of iron, aluminum, humid compounds, & clay leached down from the A & E horizons. It can be rich in nutrients in areas where rainwater leached nutrients from soil

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23
Q

which soil horizon contains the subsoil

A

B horizon

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24
Q

why does subsoil tend to be yellowish

A

due to the accumulation of iron, aluminum, humid compounds, & clay leached down from the A & E horizons.

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25
Q

C horizon

A

weathered parent material: partially broken-down inorganic materials

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26
Q

which soil horizon contains weathered parent material/partially broken-down inorganic materials

A

C horizon

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27
Q

how does soil erosion damage the soil

A

decreases the soil’s water-holding capacity, destroys the soil profile, & increases soil compaction

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28
Q

how are igneous rocks formed

A

cooling

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29
Q

most soils come from which type of rock

A

igneous rock

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30
Q

intrusive igneous

A

solidify deep underground, cool slowly, granite

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31
Q

granite is which type of rock

A

intrusive igneous

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32
Q

extrusive igneous

A

solidify at or near the surface, cool quickly, basalt

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33
Q

basalt is which type of rock

A

extrusive igneous

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34
Q

how are metamorphic rocks formed

A

by intense heat & pressure

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35
Q

which type of rock has a high quartz content

A

metamorphic

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36
Q

examples of metamorphic rocks

A

diamonds
marble
asbestos
slate
anthracite coal

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37
Q

marble is which type of rock

A

metamorphic

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38
Q

how are sedimentary rocks formed

A

by the piling & cementing of various materials

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39
Q

in which type of rock are fossils found

A

sedimentary

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40
Q

soil texture

A

relative abundance of sand, silt, & clay

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41
Q

what type of plants is sand good for

A

plants & crops requiring low amounts of water

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42
Q

clay has (low/high) permeability

A

low

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43
Q

sand has (low/high) permeability

A

high

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44
Q

what is humus & how is it formed

A

dark organic material that forms in soil when plant & animal matter decays

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45
Q

why is humus beneficial to soil

A

soil with humus will crumble, which allows air & water to move easily through the loose soil, making root growth easier, & stabilizing the pH

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46
Q

when theres little or no light, plants require _____ to break down the plant’s sugar(s) to release CO2, water, & energy

A

oxygen

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47
Q

low permeability can lead to….

A

salinization

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48
Q

light-textured soils

A

sandy

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49
Q

heavy-textured soils

A

clay

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50
Q

do light-textured soils or heavy-textured soils need to be watered more

A

light-textured

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51
Q

do sandy soils or clay soils need to be watered more

A

sandy

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52
Q

% water-holding capacity equation

A

(Vw/Vt) x 100%

where Vw is the volume of water required to saturate the soil & Vt is the total volume of the saturated soil

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53
Q

Great Oxidation Event (GOE)

A

time period when the Earth’s atmosphere & the shallow ocean experienced a rise in oxygen

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54
Q

four primary gases that compose Earth’s atmosphere

A

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide

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55
Q

What percentage of the earth’s atmosphere is nitrogen

A

78%

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56
Q

What percentage of the earth’s atmosphere is oxygen

A

21%

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57
Q

What percentage of the earth’s atmosphere is water vapor

A

0-4%

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58
Q

What percentage of the earth’s atmosphere is CO2

A

<1%

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59
Q

how does nitrogen deposit on earth

A

nitrogen fixation & reactions involving lightning & subsequent precipitation

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60
Q

most abundant element in earth’s crust

A

oxygen

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61
Q

average lifetime of a CO2 molecule

A

~100 years

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62
Q

lowest portion of the earth’s atmosphere

A

troposphere

63
Q

most of the atmosphere’s mass is contained in which layer

A

troposphere

64
Q

the ozone layer absorbs UVA, UVB, or UVC

A

UVB & UVC

65
Q

temperature (increases/decreases) with altitude in the stratosphere

A

increases

66
Q

the ozone layer absorbs high-energy ultraviolet radiation from the sun & is broken down into which two elements

A

atomic oxygen (O) & diatomic oxygen (O2)

67
Q

convection

A

way energy is transferred from hotter to colder regions in earth’s atmosphere

68
Q

ocean water has (low/high) albedo

A

low

69
Q

for every 1000 feet of rise in elevation, there us a ___ degree drop in temperature

A

3

70
Q

are temperature changes more extreme in the middle of continents or on coasts

A

more extreme in the middle

71
Q

front

A

when two different air masses meet

72
Q

warm fronts are often associated with a (lower/higher) risk of rainfall

A

lower

73
Q

stationary front

A

air of air masses where neither of them is string enough to replace the other & tend to remain in the same area for a long time. Associated with significant amounts of rain or freezing rain

74
Q

4 most important greenhouse gases

A

water vapor (H2O)
carbon dioxide (CO2)
methane (CH4)
nitrous oxide (N2O)

75
Q

N2O

A

nitrous oxide

76
Q

when do daily minimum temperatures occur

A

just before sunrise

77
Q

what causes land breezes

A

calm clear nights when the land cools down faster than the sea, resulting in the air above the land becoming denser then the air above the sea, so air moves from the land toward the coast

78
Q

what causes sea breezes

A

calm sunny days when the land warms up faster than the sea

79
Q

low-pressure weather system associated with…

A

clouds & precipitation

80
Q

high-pressure weather system associated with…

A

fair weather

81
Q

what is wind speed determined by

A

pressure differences between air masses

82
Q

the greater the pressure difference of air masses, the (weaker/stronger) the wind speed

A

stronger

83
Q

what is wind speed measured with

A

anemometer

84
Q

what is wind direction measured with

A

a wind vane

85
Q

coriolis effect

A

causes prevailing winds to not travel straight

86
Q

due to the coriolis effect, objects are deflected (right/left) in the northern hemisphere

A

right

87
Q

due to the coriolis effect, objects are deflected (right/left) in the southern hemisphere

A

left

88
Q

where is the coriolis force at zero

A

the equator

89
Q

where are the Hadley cells located

A

near the equator

90
Q

where are the ferrel cells located

A

30 degrees and 60 degrees north & south latitudes

91
Q

what latitudes are trade winds located

A

0-30 degrees

92
Q

what latitudes are westerlies located

A

30-60 degrees

93
Q

what latitudes are easterlies located

A

60-90 degrees

94
Q

polar vortex

A

low-pressure zone embedded in a large mass of very cold air that lies atop both poles

95
Q

what is the polar vortex dependent on

A

the temperature differences between the equator & the poles

96
Q

the eye of the hurricane is an area with…

A

descending air & low pressure

97
Q

storm surge

A

rise in sea level that occurs during hurricanes

98
Q

monsoons

A

strong, often violent winds that change direction with the season

99
Q

monsoon winds blow from (warm/cold) to (warm/cold) regions

A

cold to warm

100
Q

monsoon blow from the (land/sea) to the (land/sea) in the winter

A

land to the sea

101
Q

monsoon blow from the (land/sea) to the (land/sea) in the summer

A

sea to the land

102
Q

Why is India’s climate high

A

because the Himalayas form a barrier that prevents cold air from passing onto the subcontinent

103
Q

watershed

A

area of land that drains water from rainfall & snowmelt into a specific body of water or lets it seep into the group & collect it in an aquifer

104
Q

largest watershed in the U.S.

A

Mississippi River watershed

105
Q

what is the title of the earth’s axis (in degrees)

A

23.5 degrees

106
Q

where is the Tropic of Cancer

A

23.5 degrees north of the equator

107
Q

where is the Tropic of Capricorn

A

23 degrees south of the equator

108
Q

What is El Niño associated with (what happens)

A

The El Niño phase of ENSO is associated with warmer surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific and higher rainfall in the central Pacific. Storms and hurricanes are more frequent in the central Pacific. There is a weaker upwelling of nutrient-rich water off the coast of South America during this phase.

109
Q

Which type of ENSO pattern contains both low air surface pressure and a cooling phase?

A

La Niña

110
Q

during which ENSO phase is there more rain in the west pacific

A

La Niña

111
Q

what is the warm phase of ENSO

A

El Niño

112
Q

how are forest edges created

A

when trees are harvested

113
Q

what is Bt corn

A

genetically modified corn that produces insect toxins within the cells of the corn

114
Q

rangeland

A

lands grazed by domestic animals

115
Q

what percent of landmass in the U.S. are rangelands

A

40%

116
Q

how does salinization occur for soil?

A

water that is not absorbed into the soil evaporates & leaves behind dissolved salts in the topsoil

117
Q

tillage

A

when the surface is plowed & broken ip to expose the soil, which is then smoothed & planted

118
Q

furor irrigation

A

like in Minecraft

119
Q

which state accounts for 60% of the U.S.’ agricultural land using drip irrigation

A

california

120
Q

less than ___% of the world’s irrigated land utilized drip irrigation

A

4%

121
Q

examples of living organisms that can be used to control pests

A

-bacteria (Bt)
-ladybugs
-parasitic wasps
-certain viruses

122
Q

carbamates

A

causes the swelling of tissue in pests. But it may percolate into groundwater

123
Q

fumigants

A

used to sterilize soil (to kill any pathogens) & prevent pest infestation of stored grain

124
Q

inorganic fumigants

A

arsenic, copper, lead, mercury
highly toxic & accumulate in the environment

125
Q

organic/natural fumigants

A

natural poisons derived from plants such as tobacco or chrysanthemum

126
Q

organophosphates

A

extremely toxic but remain in the environment for only a brief time

127
Q

what does something need to contain to be considered organic

A

carbon

128
Q

example of a POP

A

DDT

129
Q

what do POPS stand for

A

persistent organic pollutants

130
Q

what are POPS

A

organic (containing carbon) group of chemical compounds that do not break down through chemical or biological processes & which are able to pass & accumulate in the fattyy tissues of living organisms

131
Q

pesticide treadmill

A

some pesticides are toxic toward epics that feed on or compete with pests, which can allow the pest population to expand, requiring more pesticides

132
Q

Delaney clause of the food, drug, & cosmetic act

A

prohibits the U.S. Food and Drug Administration from approving any food additive found to cause cancer in animals or humans

133
Q

what does CAFOS stand for

A

concentrated animal feeding operations

134
Q

primary cause of gas emissions from CAFOs

A

decomposition of animal manure being stored in large quantities

135
Q

livestock are responsible for ___% of greenhouse gas emissions

A

18%

136
Q

what is the second most concentrated greenhouse gas

A

methane CH4

137
Q

what forms the base of the marine food web

A

phytoplankton

138
Q

what country is responsible for majority of fish harvesting

A

China

139
Q

what is aquaculture

A

mariculture or fish farming

140
Q

what is mariculture

A

aquaculture or fish farming

141
Q

contour mining & is it surface or underground mining

A

removing overburden from the seam in a pattern following the contours along a ridge or around a hillside
surface mining

142
Q

dredging & is it surface or underground mining

A

method for mining below the water table (gold) by suctioning up mined material
surface mining

143
Q

In situ & is it surface or underground mining

A

small holes drilled into earth & toxic chemical solvents are injected to extract the resource
surface mining

144
Q

strip mining & is it surface or underground mining

A

exposes coal by removing the soil above each coal seam
surface mining

145
Q

long wall mining & is it surface or underground mining

A

uses a rotating drum with “teeth” which is pulled back & forth across a coal seam (material breaks loose & is transported to the surface)
underground mining

146
Q

room and pillar mining & is it surface or underground mining

A

half the coal is left in place as pillars to support the roof of the active mining area. Pillars are later removed & the mine collapses
underground mining

147
Q

smart growth

A

urban planning to prevent urban sprawl

148
Q

xeriscaping

A

landscaping & gardening that reduces or eliminates the need for supplemental water from irrigation

149
Q

what is the IPAT formula used for

A

to determine the magnitude of human impact on finite natural resources

150
Q

IPAT formula

A

I = P x A x T
I = impact
P = population
A = levels of consumption (affluence)
T = technologu

151
Q

each human on earth uses ~____hectares of Earth resources

A

2.8 hectares `

152
Q

why is contour plowing good

A
153
Q

Environmental mitigation

A

Apply measures to avoid effects on the environment resulting from their projects

APES (5 decks)

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