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APES Flashcards

1
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

Two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist at stable populations
(one species will become extinct or be forced to evolve to a different niche)

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2
Q

Amensalism

A

The interaction between two species, whereby one species suffers, and the other species is not affected

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3
Q

Commensalism

A

The interaction between two species, whereby one organism benefits, and the other species is not affected

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4
Q

Ectoparasitism

A

Parasites living on the exterior of hosts

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5
Q

Endoparasitism

A

Parasites living inside their host

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6
Q

Epiparasites

A

Parasites that feed on other parasites

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7
Q

Saprotrophism

A

Obtain their nutrients from dead or decaying plants or animals

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8
Q

Law of tolerance

A

The existence, abundance and distribution of species depend on the tolerance levels of each species to both physical and chemical factors

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9
Q

morphological partitioning

A

Two species share the same resource, but have evolved slightly different structures to utilize the same resources
(Different beak structures)

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10
Q

Spacial partitioning

A

When competing species use the same resource by occupying different areas or habitats within the range of occurrence of the resource 

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11
Q

Temporal partitioning

A

When two species eliminate direct competition by utilizing the same resource at different times 

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12
Q

Two most important determinants of biomes

A

Temperature and precipitation

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13
Q

Deserts make up what percent of earths surface?

A

20%

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14
Q

What do extremes in temperatures of deserts result from?

A

Extremes of temperature result from low humidity as water vapor tends to block solar radiation

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15
Q

latitude of deserts

A

Between 15° and 30°

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16
Q

Desert soils have (a lot of/a little bit of) inorganic nutrients & (a lot of/a little bit of) organic matter

A

A lot of inorganic nutrients & a little bit of organic matter

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17
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

As energy flows through systems, more of it becomes unusable at each step or transformation

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18
Q

Closed canopy

A

Tree crowns cover more than 20% of the ground surface. The majority of the forest biome is classified as closed canopy.

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19
Q

Open canopy

A

Tree crowns cover less than 20% of the ground surface

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20
Q

Four forest layers in order of bottom to top

A

Forest floor
Understory layer
Canopy layer
Emergent layer

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21
Q

In rainforest, decomposition is (rapid/slow)

A

Rapid

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22
Q

Rainforest seasons

A

Winter is absent; only two seasons: rainy & dry

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23
Q

What biome occurs near the equator

A

Tropical rainforest

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24
Q

How is rainfall distributed in tropical rainforests

A

Even throughout the year

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25
Q

Soil in tropical rainforests is (nutrient rich/nutrient poor) and why

A

Nutrient poor because competition is intense for nutrients

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26
Q

How is precipitation distributed in temperate deciduous forests

A

Distributed fairly evenly

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27
Q

Whats colder, temperate deciduous forests or temperate coniferous forests

A

Temperate coniferous

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28
Q

Another word for taiga

A

Boreal forest

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29
Q

Another word for boreal forest

A

Tiaga

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30
Q

Largest terrestrial biome

A

Taiga/boreal forest

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31
Q

What is the main nutrient pool in the tundra?

A

Dead organic material

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32
Q

Difference between arctic tundra and alpine tundra

A

The arctic tundra is located in the northern hemisphere & alpine tundras are located on top of mountains & have well-drained soil unlike the arctic tundra

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33
Q

Permafrost exists in what biome

A

Tundra

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34
Q

Permafrost

A

Layer of permanently frozen subsoil

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35
Q

Oceans cover approximately __% of Earth’s surface and have a salt concentration of ___%

A

75% , 3%

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36
Q

Primary source of the world’s rainfall

A

Evaporation of seawater

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37
Q

Why are air temperature differences between summer & winter more extreme in the Northern Hemisphere

A

Because the Northern Hemisphere is dominated by land and land warms & cools more quickly than water (which dominates the southern hemisphere)

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38
Q

Convection

A

The circular motion that occurs when warmer air or liquid rises, while the cooler air or liquid sinks

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39
Q

Is warmer air high pressure or low pressure

A

High pressure

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40
Q

What are surface ocean currents driven by?

A

Wind patterns

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41
Q

What are deep-water currents driven by?

A

Differences in water temperature & density

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42
Q

What are thermohaline currents driven by

A

Temperature & water salinity

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43
Q

What is the ocean conveyor belt driven by

A

Thermohaline currents

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44
Q

Littoral zone (oceans)

A

Ocean zone closest to the shore
Estuaries found here

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45
Q

Neretic zone

A

Aka sublittoral zone
Extends to the edge of the continental shelf
High primary production bc sunlight reaches the floor

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46
Q

Photic zone

A

Uppermost layer of water in a lake or ocean that is exposed to sunlight

90% of aquatic life

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47
Q

Where do most corals obtain their energy from

A

Photosynthetic zooxanthellae that live within their tissue

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48
Q

Fringing reef

A

Coral reefs near the coastline
Most common
Separated by shallow lagoons

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49
Q

Barrier reef

A

Coral reefs separated by wider & deeper lagoons (compared to fringing reefs)

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50
Q

Atolls

A

Coral reefs usually in the middle of the sea
Usually form when islands sink to the sea
Separated by large lagoons

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51
Q

Where are most lakes on Earth located

A

In the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes
Generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, areas with ongoing or recent glaciations, or along courses of mature rivers

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52
Q

Turbidity

A

The amount & type of suspended particles in the water
Affects the depth to which light can reach

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53
Q

Examples of inorganic materials

A

Silt or sand

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54
Q

Examples of organic materials

A

Decaying plant or animal matter

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55
Q

Biological oxygen demand (BOD)

A

Amount of oxygen used by decomposers to break down a specific amount of organic matter.

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56
Q

Larger amounts of organic matter (increase/decrease) the BOD and (increase/decrease) the amount of oxygen available in the water

A

Increase, decrease

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57
Q

Benthic zone

A

Bottom of a lake

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58
Q

Limnetic zone

A

Well-lit, open surface water of a lake, father from shore & extends to depth penetrated by light

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59
Q

Littoral zone of a lake

A

Shallow, close to shore, rooted & floating plants

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60
Q

Profundal zone

A

Zone of the lake that is deep & is too dark for photosynthesis with low oxygen levels

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61
Q

Oligotrophic lake & example

A

Young Lake
Deep, cold, nutrient-poor, not very productive
Lake Superior

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62
Q

Mesotrophic lake & example

A

Middle-aged lake
Moderate nutrient content, moderate amounts of phytoplankton, reasonably productive
Lake Ontario

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63
Q

Eutrophic

A

Old Lake
Shallow, warm, nutrient-rich, plentiful & productive phytoplankton, Eutrophication occurs over long periods of time as runoff brings in nutrients & silt, low oxygen
Lake erie

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64
Q

Stratification

A

Layering of water caused by density changes due to shifts in temperature

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65
Q

Thermal stratification

A

The tendency of deep lakes to form distinct layers in the summer months

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66
Q

Lake stratification layers from bottom to too

A

Hypolimnion —> thermocline —> epilimnion

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67
Q

Seasonal turnover

A

Exchange of surface & bottom water in a lake or pond that happens twice a year (spring & fall)

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68
Q

Fall turnover

A

Fall winds move lake surface water around, which promotes mixing with deeper water

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69
Q

Spring turnover

A

Spring winds move lake surface water around, which promotes mixing with deeper water

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70
Q

Brackish

A

Water that has more salinity than freshwater but not as much as seawater

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71
Q

Countries with the most wetlands

A

Canada, the Russian federation, Brazil

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72
Q

What is 90% of the loss of wetlands due to

A

Conversion of land for agriculture

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73
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Occurs when populations of the same species are geographically separated

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74
Q

source zone

A

first zone of a river that contains headwaters
-often begins as springs or snowmelt
-cold clear water with little sediment & little nutrients
-narrow channels, swift currents
-high oxygen levels

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75
Q

transition zone

A

second zone of a river
-slower, warmer, wide, & low-elevation moving streams
-form tributaries
-water is less clear & contains more sediments & nutrients
-more species diversity than source zone

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76
Q

floodplain zone

A

third zone of a river
-large amounts of sediment & nutrients
-warmer & more murky water
-tributaries join to form water which empty into oceans as estuaries

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77
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving (plants)

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78
Q

riparian areas

A

lands adjacent to creeks, lakes, rivers, & streams that support vegetation
-hydrophilic plants

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79
Q

fundamental element found in carbohydrates, fats, proteins, & nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

A

carbon

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80
Q

two places where carbon is found

A

rocks & carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

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81
Q

two places where carbon is found

A

rocks & carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

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82
Q

what percent of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide

A

less than 1%

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83
Q

how can carbon be precipitated into the ocean’s deeper, more carbon-rich layers

A

as dead soft tissue or shells as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) aka limestone

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84
Q

how does carbon enter the ocean

A

through dissolution (dissolving) of atmospheric carbon dioxide

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85
Q

what fraction of soil carbon is stored in organic form (calcium carbonate) before being washed into rivers through erosion or released during soil respiration by plant roots or soil microbes

A

1/3

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86
Q

oceanic absorption of CO2 (increases/decreases) ocean acidity & what are its effects

A

increases
-disturbs biological cycles such as the creation or coral reefs & the viability of externally fertilized egg cells

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87
Q

why is an increase in CO2 concentrations decreasing the ocean’s capacity to absorb CO2

A

increasing concentrations of CO2 could slow the biological precipitation of calcium carbonate, thus decreasing the ocean’s capacity to absorb CO2

88
Q

what percentage of atmospheric carbon is removed through photosynthesis

A

~15%

89
Q

photosynthesis formula

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (sunlight) –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

90
Q

what percentage of carbon do forests store (above ground & underground)

A

above ground - 90%
soil carbon - 75%

91
Q

what is CaCO3

A

calcium carbonate or limestone

92
Q

chemical formula for limestone

A

CaCO3

93
Q

which rock Is a long-term carbon sink

A

limestone (CaCO3)

94
Q

in what 3 things in a terrestrial biosphere is carbon stored

A

old-growth forests
limestone (CaCO3)
peat

95
Q

what is the carbon in carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater used for & by

A

by phytoplankton & kelp for photosynthesis
(also by marine organisms for the production of shells, skeletons, & coral)

96
Q

how much CO2 are oceans absorbing per year?

A

2 gigatons (4 x 10^12 kg)

97
Q

when carbon dioxide mixes with seawater, it had the effect of reducing the availability of what (& why is that critical)

A

when carbon dioxide mixes with seawater, it had the effect of reducing the availability of carbonate (CO3^2-) ions, which many organisms need to build their shells

98
Q

formula for the dissolving of carbonate (CO3^2-) ions

A

CO2 + H20 –> H2CO3 –> H^+ + HCO3

99
Q

the increase in the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the ocean, does what

A

decreases the pH of seawater, making it more acidic

100
Q

___ unit of carbonate ion is consumed for each unit of carbon dioxide added to seawater

A

one

101
Q

largest reservoir of carbon in the carbon cycle

A

limestone (CaCO3)

102
Q

cellular respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 + 602 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)

103
Q

during decomposition, if oxygen is absent, what form is carbon released as?

A

methane (CH4)

104
Q

Methane chemical compound

A

CH4

105
Q

What is CH4

A

methane

106
Q

during decomposition, if oxygen is present, what form is carbon released as?

A

carbon dioxide

107
Q

anaerobic

A

without oxygen

108
Q

what form of carbon does anaerobic respiration produce

A

methane (CH4)

109
Q

what form of carbon does aerobic respiration produce

A

carbon dioxide (CO2)

110
Q

aerobic

A

with oxygen

111
Q

the total amount of carbon concentrated in vegetation is more than ____ times the total carbon in the atmosphere

A

three

112
Q

sequestered definition

A

long-term storing

113
Q

Nitrogen makes up ___& of the atmosphere

A

nitrogen

114
Q

where is the most nitrogen found

A

atmosphere

115
Q

3 nitrogen storages (indicate the largest one)

A

-atmosphere (largest)
-organic matter in the soil
-oceans

116
Q

why is there a scarcity of usable forms of nitrogen in terrestrial & aquatic biomes

A

because it has limited use biologically

117
Q

3 ways humans have drastically altered the nitrogen cycle

A

-fossil fuel combustion
-inorganic fertilizers
-production of wastewater & sewage

118
Q

what do increased concentrations of nitrogen in water lead to

A

acidification, eutrophication, & toxicity

119
Q

why is nitrogen essential for plants

A

essential for photosynthesis & found in chlorophyll, which is essential for plant growth

120
Q

two elements that are key components in nucleic acids (RNA & DNA) & proteins

A

carbon & nitrogen

121
Q

natural cycling of nitrogen in basic terms (summary of the nitrogen cycle)

A

atmospheric nitrogen is converted to nitrogen oxides by lightning & deposited in the soil by rain, where it is assimilated by plants & either eaten by animals (& returned by feces) or decomposed back to elemental nitrogen by bacteria

122
Q

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A

rhizobium

123
Q

nitrogen-fixing plants

A

legumes

124
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia (NH3) or nitrate ions (NO3-)

125
Q

process where atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia (NH3) or nitrate ions (NO3-)

A

nitrogen fixation

126
Q

NH3

A

ammonia

127
Q

ammonia chemical compound

A

NH3

128
Q

two most useful forms of nitrogen to plants

A

nitrite (NO2-) & nitrate (NO3-)

129
Q

nitrate chemical compound

A

(NO3-)

130
Q

(NO3-)

A

nitrate

131
Q

nitrite chemical compound

A

(NO2-)

132
Q

(NO2-)

A

nitrite

133
Q

nitrification

A

ammonia (NH3) is converted to nitrite (NO2-) & nitrate (NO3-)

134
Q

assimilation

A

plants absorb ammonia (NH3), ammonium ions (NH4+), and nitrate ions (NO3-) through their roots

135
Q

process where plants absorb ammonia (NH3), ammonium ions (NH4+), and nitrate ions (NO3-) through their roots

A

assimilation

136
Q

process where ammonia (NH3) is converted to nitrite (NO2-) & nitrate (NO3-)

A

nitrification

137
Q

ammonium chemical compound

A

NH4

138
Q

NH4

A

ammonium

139
Q

ammonification

A

decomposing bacteria convert dead organisms & wastes (nitrates) into ammonia (NH3) & ammonium ions (NH4+)

140
Q

process where decomposing bacteria convert dead organisms & wastes (nitrates) into ammonia (NH3) & ammonium ions (NH4+)

A

ammonification

141
Q

denitrification

A

anaerobic bacteria convert ammonia (NH3) into nitrates (NO3-), nitrites (NO2-), nitrogen gas (N2), and nitrous oxide (N2O)

142
Q

process where anaerobic bacteria convert ammonia (NH3) into nitrates (NO3-), nitrites (NO2-), nitrogen gas (N2), and nitrous oxide (N2O)

A

denitrification

143
Q

nitrogen cycle in order of processes (5)

A

nitrogen fixation
nitrification
assimilation
ammonification
denitrification

144
Q

negative effects of ammonia in the atmosphere

A

NH3 decreases air quality & acts as an aerosol

145
Q

nitrous oxide chemical compound

A

N2O

146
Q

N2O

A

nitrous oxide

147
Q

what is nitrous oxide & how is it emitted naturally & anthropogenically

A

N2O is a greenhouse gas
-emitted through nitrification & denitrification
-largest emission through fertilizer

148
Q

what is the largest emitter of N2O (nitrous oxide)

A

fertilizers

149
Q

pesticide treadmill

A

when pests develop resistance to pesticides over time, requiring farmers to use higher doses or develop new pesticides

150
Q

in what part of a nuclear power plant does nuclear fission occur

A

reactor vessel

151
Q

ecotone

A

an area of transition between two different biomes or ecosystems

152
Q

tropical rainforests have (high/low) soil nutrients

A

low

153
Q

what is phosphorus essential for

A

nucleotides (building blocks of DNA & RNA), ATP, fats in cell membranes, bones, teeth, & shells

154
Q

primary sink for phosphorus

A

sedimentary rocks

155
Q

how is phosphorus released?

A

By the weathering of sedimentary rocks (or acid rain)

156
Q

growth of age (increases/decreases) oxygen content in water

A

decreases

157
Q

what is the water cycle powered by?

A

energy from the sun

158
Q

the ocean holds ___% of all water on the planet

A

97%

159
Q

oceans are the source of ___% of all global precipitation

A

78%

160
Q

the rate of evaporation (is greater than/is equal to/is less than) the rate of precipitation

A

is equal to

161
Q

evapotranspiration

A

the process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces & by transpiration from plants

162
Q

freshwater on earth is about __%

A

3%

163
Q

of all the freshwater available, where is most of it?

A

trapped in glaciers & ice caps

164
Q

what source contains the second most amount of freshwater

A

groundwater

165
Q

(a lot/a little bit) of energy is needed to evaporate water

A

a lot

166
Q

what holds water molecules together

A

strong hydrogen bonds

167
Q

the temperature of water changes (quickly/slowly)

A

slowly

168
Q

water (contracts/expands) when it freezes

A

expands

169
Q

water has a (high/low) boiling point

A

high

170
Q

water has a (high/low) boiling point

A

high

171
Q

freshwater renewal rate in the atmosphere

A

8 days

172
Q

the use of freshwater is growing at a rate that is _x the rate of population growth

A

2x (twice)

173
Q

average amount of freshwater allocated per person in the U.S.

A

500,000 gallons

174
Q

freshwater renewal rate in rivers

A

16 days

175
Q

freshwater renewal rate of water in the soil

A

~70 days

176
Q

freshwater renewal rate of glaciers

A

~40 years

177
Q

freshwater renewal rate of lakes

A

~100 years`

178
Q

freshwater renewal rate of near-surface groundwater

A

~200 years

179
Q

top three most populous countries in order from most populous to least populous

A

China, India, United States

180
Q

world’s largest aquifer & where is it located

A

Ogallala Aquifer, United States

181
Q

aquifers in the United States hold ___ times more water than all U.S. lakes & rivers combined

A

30x

182
Q

groundwater supplies approximately ___% of all freshwater in the United States

A

40%

183
Q

do artesian wells reach the confined aquifer or the unconfirmed aquifer

A

confined aquifer

184
Q

is the material above an unconfined aquifer permeable or impermeable

A

impermeable

185
Q

recharge zone

A

the surface area above an aquifer that supplies water to the aquifer

186
Q

unsaturated zone

A

zone immediately below land surface where the open spaces (pores) in the soil contain both water & air, but are not totally saturated with water

187
Q

what is the level below which the ground is saturated with water

A

water table

188
Q

what happens when the rate of groundwater extraction is greater than the rate of aquifer recharge

A

a drop in the water table occurs

189
Q

what is the largest sector responsible for aquifer depletion

A

agriculture

190
Q

what reduces aquifer inputs

A

changes in global weather patterns

191
Q

land subsidence meaning

A

land sinking

192
Q

what do plants capture light with

A

chlorophyll in cloroplasts

193
Q

what is measured by g/m^2

A

biomass

194
Q

what is measured by kcal x m^-2 x yr^-1

A

energy

195
Q

what percent of energy released from the sun is available to plants & what percent is used for photosynthesis

A

8% available to plants, 1% used for photosynthesis

196
Q

productivity

A

rate of generation of biomass within an ecosystem

197
Q

how is productivity expressed

A

units of mass/unit surface area/unit time (kg/km^2/yr)

198
Q

primary productivity is productivity for _____

A

productivity for plants

199
Q

secondary productivity

A

productivity for heterotrophs (generation of biomass by heterotrophic consumers in a system, driven by the transfer of organic material between trophic levels & represents the quantity of new tissue created through the use of assimilated food

200
Q

how does a marine pyramid of biomass differ from a terrestrial pyramid of biomass

A

a marine pyramid of biomass is inverted because the biomass of trophic levels is dependent on the life span

201
Q

of all available sunlight on earth, less than __% for land plants & less than __% for aquatic plants

A

3%, 1%

202
Q

Gross primary production (GPP)

A

amount of energy plants can trap from the sun & use it
(some of the fixed energy is used for cellular respiration & maintaining existing tissues)

203
Q

Net primary production

A

overall gain in energy of plants in one year (difference between the rate at which plants produce useful energy [GPP] and the rate at which they use some of that energy during respiration [R])

204
Q

NPP equation

A

NPP = GPP - R (respiration)

205
Q

what place has the highest NPP in general & which place has the highest NPP on a one-to-one per square meter basis

A

in general: oceans
one-to-one per square meter basis: estuaries

206
Q

whether a land area supports a deciduous forest or grassland depends primarily on
a) changes in length of growing season
b) changes in temperature
c) consistency of rainfall from year to year & the effect that it has on fires
d) latitude north & south of the equator

A

C

207
Q

review question #7 in textbook

A

-

208
Q

review question #9 in textbook

A

-

209
Q

review question #17 in textbook

A

-

210
Q

review question #18 in textbook

A

-

211
Q

how does global warming affect the hydrologic cycle

A

it causes the hydrologic cycle to accelerate

212
Q

three different types of wetlands

A

marsh
swamp
bog

213
Q

difference between marshes & swamps

A

marshes have grasses, swamps can have trees

214
Q

what is BOD

A

biological oxygen demand is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose organic waste

215
Q

what contributes to high BOD levels

A

-large quantity of organic waste in water
-higher-than-normal nitrate & phosphate concentration

APES (5 decks)

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