AP02 Histology of the Heart and Blood Vessels

Question 1

What T-tubule system is observed in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

Answer 1

diad - cardiac

triad - skeletal

Question 2

What are cardiac myocytes joined by?

Answer 2

intercalated discs (gap junctions, adherens junctions, demsosomes)

Question 3

What do intercalated discs allow?

Answer 3

communication

rapid transfer of small ions during the cardiac cycle

Question 4

Does cardiac muscle have NMJ?

Answer 4

No, as it does not receive somatic innervation

Question 5

What effect does Sympathetic stimulation have on the heart?

Answer 5

increased HR (chronotropy)
increased contractility (inotropy)

Question 6

What are the features of the tunica intima across all arteries?

Answer 6

Endothelium
Basement membrane
(venules and medium sized veins have pocket valves)

Question 7

What are the features of the tunica media in elastic arteries?

Answer 7

lots of elastic tissue distributed through the smooth muscle

Question 8

What are the features of the tunica Adventitia of Elastic Arteries?

Answer 8

Fibrous CT
Nervi Vasorum
Vasa Vasorum
Collagen fibres

Question 9

What are the features of the tunica media of muscular arteries?

Answer 9

internal elastic membrane

smooth muscle

Question 10

What are the features of the tunica adventitia of muscular arteries?

Answer 10

external elastic membrane

Fibrous CT

Question 11

What are the features of the tunica media of arterioles?

Answer 11

smooth muscle

Question 12

What are the features of the tunica adventitia of arterioles?

Answer 12

fibrous CT

Question 13

What are capillaries comprised of?

Answer 13

endothelium, basement membrane, and pericytes

Question 14

What are the features of tunica media in venules?

Answer 14

smooth muscle

Question 15

What are the features of tunica adventitia in venules?

Answer 15

Fibrous CT

Question 16

What are the features of the tunica media in medium sized veins?

Answer 16

smooth muscle

Question 17

what are the features of the tunica adventitita of medium - sized veins?

Answer 17

fibrous CT

Question 18

What are the features of tunica media of large veins?

Answer 18

smooth muscle

Question 19

What are the features of tunica adventitia of large veins?

Answer 19

fibrous CT
Nervi Vasorum
Vasa Vasorum
Collagen

Question 20

What are Pericytes?

Answer 20

incomplete layers of cells surrounding endothelium in capillaries

Question 21

What controls blood flow into capillaries?

Answer 21

precapillary sphincters

Question 22

How big is the lumen of elastic arteries?

Answer 22

10nm

Question 23

What is the function of elastic arteries?

Answer 23

conduct blood away from the heart and withstand increase in cardiac pressure associated with systole

Question 24

What is the diffference in smooth muscle distribution between elastic arteries and muscular arteries?

Answer 24

muscular arteries have more.

because they’re muscular.

Question 25

What is the size of the lumen of muscular arteries?

Answer 25

1-10nm

Question 26

What is the function of muscular arteries?

Answer 26

alter blood flow to different regions of the body by constricting or dilating

Question 27

How much smooth muscle do arterioles contain?

Answer 27

a lot, relative to their size

Question 28

What is the difference between atriovenous anastomoses and capillaries?

Answer 28

they are much larger in diameter and have more smooth muscle

Question 29

What are the outer and inner layers of the ventricular wall?

Answer 29

outer - pericardium | Inner - endocardium

Question 30

Define Thrombus

Answer 30

a blood clot formed in situ within the vascular system impeding blood flow

Question 31

define embolus

Answer 31

a blood clot, bit of air, or fatty deposit carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism

Question 32

What is an embolism?

Answer 32

an obstruction of an artery

Question 33

What is atherosclerotic plaque?

Answer 33

specifically fatty plaque

Question 34

What are the features of fenestrated arteries?

Answer 34

festrations (pores) through cell wall, which are 80-100nm in diameter

Question 35

What do continuous arteries form?

Answer 35

BBB

Question 36

What type of epithelial cells comprise the endothelium?

Answer 36

simple squamous

Question 37

What is the function of the tunica adventitia?

Answer 37

protects the vessels strengthen its wall anchors the vessel to surrounding struct

Question 38

How do blood vessels receive nutrients?

Answer 38

inner half - diffusion from blood | outer half - vasa vasorum

Question 39

What are the layers of the pericardium?

Answer 39

``` Fibrous Pericardium Serous Pericardium (parietal and visceral) ```

Question 40

What are the layers of the heart wall?

Answer 40

``` fibrous pericardium parietal serous pericardium pericardial cavity epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium) myocardium endocardium heart chamber ```

Question 41

What is the difference between sinusoid and fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 41

sinusoid has larger fenestrations, and a disocontinouous BM