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3 CVS > 17 Exercise and the CVS > Flashcards

17 Exercise and the CVS Flashcards

1
Q

What balance needs to be met in acute exercise?

A

increased VO2

maintained ABP

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2
Q

What are the responses produced in acute exercise?

A

metabolic vasodilation

increased CO to muscles

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3
Q

What causes metabolic dilation of blood vessels in acute exercise?

A 
K+
H+
adenosine
ATP
Pi
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4
Q

What is the change in cardiac output to muscles in acute exercise?

A

1 L/min

to 22 L/min

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5
Q

What 3 factors determine rate of O2 transport and hence performane?

A

VO2 max
muscle perfusion
diffusion

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6
Q

What can be done to increase muscle perfusion?

A

vasodilation

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7
Q

What is VO2 max?

A

the rate of maximum O2 uptake from the air and/or the rate of maximum O2 use by mitochondria

these should be balanced

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8
Q

What is VO2 max dependent on?

A

max CO

haematocrit

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9
Q

what might the CO max of an athlete be?

A

25 L/min

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10
Q

What might the VO2 max of an untrained and trained person be?

A

3 L/min untrained

5 L/min trained

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11
Q

What might increase eccentric hypertrophy?

A

endurance training - growth factor release

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12
Q

What is eccentric hypertrophy?

A

new sarcomeres added in series, increasing muscle length and not width

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13
Q

What is the effect of eccentric hypertrophy on the heart?

A

increased chamber size
LV mass increase by 20%
increased contractility and inoropy of each myocyte

In a given pre-load we can produce a higher SV

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14
Q

What happens to the sarcomere in hypotension?

A

sarcomeres added in parallel

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15
Q

What is the significance of laplace’s law in eccentric hypertrophy?

A

the change in pressure generated would theoretically be less in the trained heart due to increased radius

however, this effect is outweighed by the increase in inotropy (and pre-load)

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16
Q

how does EDV increase in training?

A

increased chamber size

increased circulating blood volume

increased central venous pressure

17
Q

What is the effect of O2 demands being the same at rest for trained and untrained people?

A

trained people have a bigger SV

they hence have a decreased HR

18
Q

What 3 things causes a resting bradycardia?

A

increased tonic vagal activity
increased local ACh release
decreased intrinsic pacemaker activity

19
Q

What is enhanced respiratory sinus arrhythmia?

A

during inspiration, central inspiratory drive inhibits vagal activity, increasing HR

20
Q

What is the biggest factor for variability in HR?

A

age

21
Q

How might you increase cardiac perfusion?

A 
increase in capillary number
increase capillary : fibre ratio
decreased diffusion distance
increased number of arterioles
increased coronary artery diameter
decreased vascular resistance
increased blood flow
22
Q

What does increased sheer result in?

A

upregulation of eNOS and antioxidant enzymes

increased bioavailability of NO, and vascular health

23
Q

What do antioxidant enzymes do?

A

maintain vascular health
they also quench NO, and reduce bioavailability of NOS

this is why we have to increase the release of NOS

24
Q

What intrinsic factors about the myocardium change with training?

A

increased mitochondria and myoglobin

25
Q

What does training at altitude do?

A

stimulates Epo and increases performance back at sea level

26
Q

Why is synthetic Epo detectable?

A

causes epigenetic changes which can be tested for

27
Q

What are endothelial dysfunction and altered autonomic activity features of?

how can we change this?

A

coronary artery disease
HTN
atherosclerosis

training should improve this

28
Q

what beneficial effects on the heart does training have?

A

eccentric hypertrophy

increase inotropy

29
Q

Why is exercise helpful for CHF?

A

In CHF dilation of the ventricle, the pressure generated for a given tension is low

30
Q

What ‘other’ benefits are associated with CVS rehab?

A

Better understanding of condition
aids recovery
encourages lifestyle changes
reduces risk of further problems

3 CVS (24 decks)

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