AP REVIEW UNIT 5 Flashcards
when farmers grow food crops to feed themselves and their families
subsistence agriculture
when crops are grown for profit only and not personal consumption
commercial agriculture
agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used
intensive farming
agriculture that uses fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the amount of space being used
extensive farming
the distribution of houses, farms, villages, towns, and cities in an area
settlement pattern
What factors can influence the patterns of rural settlements?
Agricultural practices, geographic features, availability of resources, transportation routes, government policy, cultural practices and history, economic conditions
a rural settlement pattern where homes and farm buildings are located close together, with farm land surrounding them
clustered settlement
a rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages
dispersed settlement
a rural settlement pattern in which farms are clustered along a road with fields behind them
linear settlement
a study performed to locate, describe, and map the boundaries of plot of land
land survey
a rural survey method where land is divided into parcels based on features of the landscape, distance, and direction
metes and bounds
a rural survey method where land is divided using lines of latitude and longitude, resulting in a grid pattern
township and range
a rural survey method where land was divided into long, narrow lots that ran perpendicular to a river, road, or canal
long lot
the process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade
agriculture
the origin of farming, marked by the first domestication of plants and animals, it began in the Fertile Crescent 10,000-12,000 years ago
first (neolithic) agricultural revolution
raising plants and animals for human use
domestication
the global movement of plants and animals between afro-eurasia and the americas following the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492
the columbian exchange
beginning in the 1700s, the advances of the Industrial Revolution were used to increase food supplies and support population growth
second agricultural revolution
a set of changes in technology that dramatically increased manufacturing productivity, reshaping how people worked, behaved, and where they lived
the Industrial Revolution
a serious of laws enacted by the British government that enables landowners to pursuance and close off land for their own use that had previously been common land used by peasant farmers
the enclosure acts
beginning run the 1960s, it was the third agricultural revolution which involved the development of better and more efficient farming equipment and practices that a led to increased production around the words
green revolutions
the process of breeding together two plants that have desirable characteristics
seed hybridization
produced when humans use engineering techniques to change the genetics of a seed
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
Why has there been a shift from subsistence to commercial farming in most parts of the world?
faster agricultural output was needed because of growing population
Why have smaller family farms been replaced with large corporate operations?
-shifts in settlement from rural to urban area
-corporate oerations cheaper
-inability of family farms to compete with corporations
the integration of various steps of production in the food-processing industry
agribusiness
a process used to corporations to gather resources and transform them into goods and then transport them to customers
commodity chain
the cost advantage experienced by a company when it increases its level of output
economies scale
practice by large corporation farms, the ownership of other businesses involved in the steps of producing a particular god. Results in greater overall profits
vertical integration
What is the global supple chain
The supply chain is how good or services move from the supplier to the customer
an effort to promote- higher incomes for producers and more sustainable farming practices in developing countries
fair trade movement
Von Thunen’s Model of land use definition»>
An economic model that suggested a pattern for the types of products farmers would produce at different position relative to the market where they sold their goods
What did Von Thunen believe decisions about agricultural production were based on?
transporation costs
A type of agriculture that includes market gardening and dairy farming
Horticulture
A geographical theory that states that the interaction between two places decreases as the distanced between them increases
distance decay
a geographical economic theory that explains that price and demand for real estate decreases as the distance from the Central Business District (market) increases. There is less land to close to the market, so its more expensive there
Bid-Rent Theory
How does Von Thunen’s model relate to distance decay?
farther away=less money
closer=more money
Could Von Thunen’s Model work today?
Yes, but adjusted due to modern conditions.
-Technological advancement (transportation, refrigeration, heating methods)
-multiple markets and globalization
-Specialty farming regions
What has caused the increased demand for agriculture that places added stress on the environment?
Local demand, population growth, global competition
Planting and harvesting on the same parcel of land twice per year
Double Cropping
When farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field
Intercropping
When humans build a series of steps into the side of a hill, creating flat surfaces for the purpose of agriculture
Terrace Farming
Specializing in one crop
Monoculture
the process of diverting water from its natural course or location to help grow crops
Irrigation
the variety of living things in a particular place; makes ecosystems more vulnerable to disasters; less efficient absorption and breakdown of pollution
Biodiversity
when water evaporates quickly, leaving salt residue behind
Soil Salinization
excessive grazing in an area to the point that the land becomes damaged
Overgrazing
when soil loses its ability to support plant growth and is much more easily eroded by wind or water
Soil Degradation
the transition of land from fertile to desert
Desertification
farming where all vegetation from an area is cut down and burned in place
Slash & Burn Agriculture
the removal of large tracts of forest
Deforestation
chemicals sprayed on crops to ward off or kill any insects or animals that might try to eat them
Pesticides
any substance added to soil to increase its productivity
Fertilizers
a place where livestock are fed and fattened up
Feedlots
the practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in water
Aquaculture
Why do human tastes change?
trade relation ships
new technology
new agriculture techniques and globalization
food produced without the use of pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, or other natural processes
Organic Food
agriculture where communities members can buy a share of a farm or a subscription to receive a share of the crops
Community-Supported Agriculture
crops grown for profit rather than to feed the population
Luxury Crops
access by all people at a time to enough food to maintain a healthy lifestyle3
Food Security
What causes global food insecurity?
lack of food access
problems with distribution systems
adverse weather
land use lost to urbanization and suburbanization
How can we combat global food insecurity?
-sustainable ag
-urban farming
-better access to education and employment
-increased foreign aid
-increased asset to credit
-population control
-female empowerment
a community where there is no access to fresh, healthy, affordable food options because there is a lack of food grocery stores or farmer’s markets
food desert
the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around towns or cities
Urban Agriculture
plots of land used for growing food that are farmed collectively and used to benefit the whole community
Community Gardens
What are the benefits of urban Agriculture?
E: potential job creation
S: healthier lifestyles
P: strengthening community relationships
N: less emissions from traveling long distances for healthy food
Why is female participation in agriculture important?
raises overall agricultural production in developing countries and could reduce hunger by 12-17%
