AP Psychology Chapter 4 Flashcards
Consciousness
A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior
Waking consciousness
state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert.
Altered state of consciousness
state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness
Circadian rhythm
A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24 hour period
Microsleeps
Brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds
Sleep Deprivation
Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability
Adaptive Theory
Theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active.
Restorative Theory
Theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage.
Rapid eye movement (REM)
Stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream
non-REM (NREM) sleep
Any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM
Alpha Waves
Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep
Theta waves
Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep
REM paralysis
The inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep
REM rebound
increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights
Nightmares
Bad dreams occurring during REM sleep
REM behavior disorder
A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.
Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
Occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one’s sleep
Night Terrors
Relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully
Insomnia
The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep
Sleep Apnea
Disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more
Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.
Activation-information-mode model (AIM)
Revised version of the activation-synth explanation of dreams in which info that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams.
Hypnosis
State of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion
Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis
Theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation
Psychoactive Drugs
Drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory
Physical dependence
Condition occurring when a person’s body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug.
Withdrawal
Phys symptoms that include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure. resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems.
Psychological dependence
The feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well being.
Stimulants
Drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system
Depressants
Drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system
Narcotics
A class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins.
Hallucinogenics
Drugs that including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication
Amphetamines
Stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than being found in nature
Cocaine
A natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant
Nicotine
The active ingredient in tobacco.
Caffeine
A mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances
Barbiturates
Depressant drugs that have a sedative effect.
Benzodiazepines
Drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress
Alcohol
The chem resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter.
Opium
Substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived.
Morphine
Narcotic Drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain
Heroin
Narcotic drug derived from opium
Hallucinogens
Drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.
LSD (lysergic acid diathylamide)
Powerful synthetic hallucinogen
PCP
Synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects.
MDMA (ecstacy or x)
designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects
Stimulatory hallucinogenics
Drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects
Mescaline
Natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms
Marijuana
Mild hallucinogen (also known as pot or weed_ derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant
