AP Psychology Chapter 10 Flashcards
Human development
The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death.
Longitudinal design
Research design in which on participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time.
Cross-Sectional Design
Research design in which several different age-groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time.
Cross-Sequential Design
Research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed for a period of time. (combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional)
Nature
The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.
Nurture
The influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.
Genetics
The science of inherited traits.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism.
Gene
Section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements.
Chromosome
Tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA.
Dominant
Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait.
Recessive
Referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene.
Conception
The moment at which a female becomes pregnant.
Ovum
The female sex cell, or egg.
Fertilization
The union of the ovum and sperm.
Zygote
Cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm.
Monozygotic twins
Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo.
Dyzygotic Twins
Often called fraternal twins, occurring when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.
Germinal Period
First two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.
Embryo
Name for the developing organism from two weeks to eight weeks after fertilization.
Embryonic period.
The period from two to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop.
Critical periods
times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant.
Teratogen
Any factor that can cause a birth defect.
Fetal period
The time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child.
Fetus
Name for the developing organism for eight weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby
Cognitive Development
The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory.
Scheme
In this case, a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events.
Sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment.
Object permanence
The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight.
Preoperational stage
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world.
Egocentrism
The inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes.
Centration
In Piaget’s theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features.
Conservation
In Piaget’s theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature.
Irreversibility
In Piaget’s theory, the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action.
Concrete Operations Stage
Third stage of cognitive development in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical though processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking.
Formal operations stage
Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking.
Scaffolding
Process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable.
Zone of Proximal development (ZPD)
Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher.
Temperament
The behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.
Attachment
The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver.
Gender
The psychological aspects of being male or female.
Gender Roles
The culture’s expectations for masculine or feminine behavior, including attitudes, actions, and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture.
Gender typing
The process of acquiring gender role of characteristics.
Gender Identity
The individual’s sense of being male or female.
Adolescence
The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult.
Puberty
The physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches it peak.
Personal Fable
Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm.
Imaginary Audience
Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent’s thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are.
Preconventional Morality
First level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in which the child’s behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior.
Conventional Morality
Second level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in which the child’s behavior is governed by conforming to the society’s norms of behavior.
Post conventional morality
Third level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in which the person’s behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms.
Identity Versus role confusion
Fifth Stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self.
Menopause
The cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman’s reproductive capability.
Andropause
Gradual changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system of middle-aged males.
Intimacy
An emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining a sense of self.
Generativity
Providing guidance to one’s children or the next generation, or contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteer work.
Authorization parenting
Style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child.
Permissive Parenting
Style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any demands on a child’s behavior.
Permissive neglectful
Permissive parenting in which parents are uninvolved with child or child’s behavior.
Permissive Indulgent
Permissive parenting in which parents are so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits
Authoritative Parenting
Style of parenting in which parents combine warmth and affection with firm limits on a child’s behavior.
Ego Integrity
Sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego.
Activity Theory
Theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby.
