AP Bio Chapter 3,4,5 Flashcards
Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
State two uses of carbohydrates in living things
Short term Energy and Structural roles
How are disaccharides created?
two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration rxn
Where are the polysaccharides starch and glycogen stored and what is their purpose?
Starch in plants– Acts as Glucose Reservoirs.
Glycogen in animals and for short term energy storage
How do the polymer shapes of starch and glycogen compare to the shape of cellulose? How does this difference in shape relate to their functions?
Starch & Glycogen (Short term energy storage) are folded structures and cellulose is a long chain (Regulates Secretion)
What is the most abundant Carbohydrate on Earth
Cellulose
Why are lipids insoluble in water?
Because of their (hydro) Carbon Chains
Fats and oils are sometimes called ____ bc they have 3 ____ _____ attached to a _____ molecule.
Triglycerides, Fatty Acids, Glycerol
What does a fatty acid molecule consist of
Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at the end (COOH)
Describe differences bt saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated has no Double Covalent bonds bt C while unsaturated does
What is the distinct feature about the skeleton of a steroid molecule
4 fused C rings
How does one amino acid differ from another and why is it sig?
Diff R groups/ some are polar and some aren’t
What type of bond joins two aa’s?
Covalent Bond
What happens to proteins that have an abnormal sequence of aa’s?
Can’t fxn properly because they have the wrong shape
List two ways in which a protein can be denatured
High temp and Chang in pH levels
What is the consequence for a cell that has missing or malfunctioning chaperone proteins?
Cystic Fibrosis, Alzheimer’s, and etc
What is the function of the nucleotide ATP
Energy for synthetic reactions
List the three parts of a nucleotide
Pentose (Deoxyribose?) sugar, Phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
Name the scientists whose work formed the basis of the cell theory
Schlieden, Swann, Verchow
What are the three parts of the cell theory
- All organisms are made of cells.
- A cell is the basic structure and fxn in an organism.
- A cell is created from a pre-existing cell by means of reproduction.
Why does a cell need a large surface area?
To take in nutrients and rid itself of waste.
Describe two cell modifications that increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio.
Cell division and surface folding.
Describe four common shapes of bacteria, including the names of the shapes.
Bascillus- Rod
Coccus- spherical
Sprillium - Firm, Squiggly
Sprirochete- Flexible, Squiggly
List the three components of a bacterial cell envelope and state each component’s function.
Glycocalyx- layer of polysacs on outside to prevent drying out
Plasma membrane- Bi layer with proteins embedded
Cell wall- maintains shape
Cell Wall
Covering that supports shapes and protects cells
Fimbriae
Hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to the surfaces
Flagellum
Rotating filament present in some bacteria that pushes the cell forward
Glycocalyx
Gel Like coating outside cell wall. If compact, called a capsule, if diffuse, called a slime layer
Inclusion Body
Stored nutrients for later use
Mesosome
Plasma membrane that folds into the cytoplasm and increases surface area
Nucleoid
Location of the bacterial chromosome
Plasma Membrane
Sheath around cytoplasm that regulates entrance and exit of molecules
Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis
Sex Pilus
Elongated, hollow appendage used for DNA transfer to other bacterial cells.
Why are peroxisomes needed in the cells of germinating seeds?
Oxidizes fatty acids into molecules that can turn into sugars that are needed for the growing plant
Give three functions of vacuoles
Stores Substances, Maintains turgor presser in plants, helps cell increase in size
Name the two eukaryotic membranous organelles that specialize in converting energy
Chloroplast and Mitochondria
Name the energy conversion process that occurs in chloroplasts and write the eqn for this process
Photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Solar Energy Produce Energy (Carbohydrate) and Oxygen
Name the energy conversion process that occurs in mitochondria and write the eqn for this process
Cellular respiration
Oxygen and Carbohydrate produce Energy, Carbon Dioxide and Water
Actin Filaments, Intermediate filaments, and microtubules are all components of a cell’s _____. They are composed of ____
Cytoskeleton, Protein
List functions of the cytoskeleton
Maintain cell shape and allow cell and its organelles to move.
What is the purpose of cholesterol in plasma membranes?
Stiffens and Strengthens membranes and helps regulate it’s fluiding
Are the inner and oter surfaces of the plasma membrane identical? Why or Why not?
No. The peripheral proteins are assymetrical.
Carbohydrate chains give an animal cell a “sugar coat” called the _____.
List its functions.
Glycocalyx
Facilitates adhesion bt cells, reception of signal molecules and cell to cell recognition
Channel Protein
Allows a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane freely.
Carrier Protein
Selectively interacts with a specific molecule or ion so that it can cross the plasma membrane
Cell Recognition Protein
(A glycoprotein) helps the body recognize when it is being invaded by pathogens so that an immune rxn can occur.
Receptor Proteins
Allows a specific molecule to bind to it. Brings about a cellular response
Enzymatic Protein
Catalyzes a specific rxn.
List substances that cross the plasma membrane assisted by carrier proteins
Polar molecules and ions.
What is diffusion? What is osmosis?
Diffusion: Movement of molecules from a higher to a lower concentration
Osmosis: Diffusion of water
Facilitated Transport
Explains the passage of such molecules as glucose and amino acids across the plasma membrane even though they are no lipid soluble.
Active Transport
Requires Energy, Against Concentration Gradient
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Three sodium ions are carried outward for every two potassium ions carried inward; Therefore, the inside of the cell is negatively charged compared to the outside.
List substances that are secreted from cells by exocytosis
Hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzyme.
Describe Plasmodesmata
Numerous narrow membrane-lined channels that pass through the cell wall. Only allows water and small solutes to pass freely from cell to cell.
