AP Biology Chapter 6,7,8

Question 1

What does the term energy mean?

Answer 1

The ability to do work or bring about a change

Question 2

Explain why energy flows rather than cycles.

Answer 2

All captured solar energy eventually is lost as heat

Question 3

State the first law of thermodynamics

Answer 3

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another.

Question 4

How does the process of photosunth uphold the 1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 4

Uses solar energy to form carb molecules. some captured energy becomes heat

Question 5

State the 2nd law of thermo”

Answer 5

Energy can’t be changed from on form to another w/o a loss of usable energy.

Question 6

What is entropy and how does it relate to the second law of thermo”

Answer 6

Disorder in the universe. Every energy transformation makes the universe less organized.

Question 7

How do channel proteins contribute to a cell’s entropy?

Answer 7

Distributes H+ ions evenly which creates more potential energy and more entropy.

Question 8

Exp free energy

Answer 8

Energy that is still availaible to do work after a chem rxn occurs.

Question 9

What is the diff bt exer and endergonic rxns

Answer 9

Exer- Neg. energy released

Ender - Pos. products have more free energy than rxtants

Question 10

What molecule is the common energy currency of cells

Answer 10

ATP

Question 11

Name the two comp that combine to regenerate ATP

Answer 11

ADP + P

Question 12

What is the main nutrient molecule that provides the energy for building ATP

Answer 12

Glucose breakdown during cellular respiration

Question 13

List the advan. of using ATP as an energy carrier in living systems.

Answer 13

Abundant source of energy, little waste

Question 14

List and describe three types of work that use ATP energy

Answer 14

Chem - Energy needed to synth molecules
Mechanical - Muscle contractions, cilia and flagella movement, chromo’s moving
Transport - pump substances across plasma membrane.

Question 15

Describe how an enzyme works

Answer 15

Substrate binds to active site, After rxn is complete, product is released, active site returns to original state.

Question 16

Why is it sometimes necessary to block a metabolic pathway

Answer 16

Conserve raw material and energy

Question 17

Competitive inhibition

Answer 17

substrate and inhibitor both able to bind to an enzyme

Question 18

Non competitive inhibition

Answer 18

Binds to an enzyme at a location other than the active site (and allosteric site) that changes the shape

Question 19

What is feedback inhibition

Answer 19

Final product of a pathway can inhibit an earlier rxn in the sequence.

Question 20

inhibitors that can perm inactivate or destroy enzymes

Answer 20

Cyanide, mercury, and lead or penicillin.

Question 21

What are auto trophs?

Answer 21

Photosynthetic orgs that produce their own food.

Question 22

What are the three groups of photosynth orgs?

Answer 22

Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

Question 23

Describe the path H2O takes to get into a leaf’s chloroplasts

Answer 23

roots absorb water, the vascular tissue or leaf veins carry the water up and CO2 and water diffuse into cells and the chloroplast

Question 24

Describe the path CO2 takes to get into a leaf’s chloroplasts

Answer 24

enters through the stomata, then diffuses into cells and then diffuses into chloroplasts.

Question 25

Define pigments

Answer 25

Molecules that absorb wavelengths of light.

Question 26

Photosynth pigs

Answer 26

Substances capable of absorbing solar energy

Question 27

What info is gained from an absorption spectrum?

Answer 27

Shows which wavelengths of vis light are best absorbed by a pig to perform a fxn (photosynth)

Question 28

What colors are best absorbed by chlorophyll a and b? Carotenoids?

Answer 28

A&B = Violet ish blue and red
Carotenoids = violet, blue, green

Question 29

Two main sets of rxns involved in photosynth and state where they occur in the chloroplast/ overall energy conversions

Answer 29

Light rxn: Thylakoid membrane/ Solar energy into chem energy (ATP, NADPH)
Calvin Cycle: Stroma/ Chem Energy (ATP, NADPH) into chem energy (Carb)

Question 30

What are the comp of a photosys

Answer 30

Pigment comples with rxn center of chlor a/b / cateronoids) and e- acceptor molecules w/in a thylakoid membrane

Question 31

What enzyme catalyzes bonding of ADP and P to produce ATP?

Answer 31

Atp Synth

Question 32

The method of establishin an H+ gradient to produce ATP us called

Answer 32

Chemiosmosis